世界过敏日到啦 拿什么拯救你——过敏!

2017-07-05 常 路 环球医学

过敏性鼻炎、过敏性哮喘、食物过敏、药物过敏……很多人都受过过敏性疾病的伤害。过敏性疾病是世界上最常见的疾病,被世界卫生组织列为21世纪重点防治的三大疾病之一。“世界过敏日”就要到了,你知道它是哪天吗?又是怎么来的?哪些人最容易犯过敏性疾病?过敏如何防治?我国的变态反应专科医生能否满足临床需求?“世界过敏日”的来历过敏性疾病是一种常见病,属于全身性疾病,包括过敏性鼻炎、结膜炎、过敏性哮喘、各种过

过敏性鼻炎、过敏性哮喘、食物过敏、药物过敏……很多人都受过过敏性疾病的伤害。过敏性疾病是世界上最常见的疾病,被世界卫生组织列为21世纪重点防治的三大疾病之一。“世界过敏日”就要到了,你知道它是哪天吗?又是怎么来的?哪些人最容易犯过敏性疾病?过敏如何防治?我国的变态反应专科医生能否满足临床需求?

“世界过敏日”的来历

过敏性疾病是一种常见病,属于全身性疾病,包括过敏性鼻炎、结膜炎、过敏性哮喘、各种过敏性皮肤疾病、食物过敏、药物过敏和严重过敏反应等。

2005年6月28日,世界变态反应组织(WAO)联合各国变态反应机构共同发起了对抗过敏性疾病的全球倡议,将每年的7月8日定为世界过敏性疾病日。旨在通过增强全民对过敏性疾病的认识,共同来预防过敏反应如过敏性哮喘。

2005年7月8日是第一个“世界过敏日”,其主题是:重视和预防过敏性疾病,这也是WAO和世界卫生组织的主要计划。时光流逝,今年已经是第十三个“世界过敏日”。

哪些人最容易犯过敏性疾病?

在首个“世界过敏日”时,WAO曾公布对30个国家进行流行病学调查结果显示:在这些国家的12亿总人口中,22%患有免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介导的过敏性疾病,如过敏性鼻炎、哮喘、湿疹、食物过敏、药物过敏和严重过敏反应等。

近20年来,人类生活质量在不断提高,但过敏性疾病患病率却在迅速增高,已达到某种流行病的程度。在我国,过敏性疾病患病同样呈明显上升趋势,当中以过敏性鼻炎与哮喘最为普遍。据相关媒体报道,我国约有2亿人患有过敏性疾病,其中1亿多人患有过敏性鼻炎,严重影响着人们的生活质量。那么,哪些人最容易犯过敏性疾病呢?

据了解,过敏性疾病的发生因素主要包括遗传因素和环境因素两方面。过敏性疾病是遗传和环境因素相互作用的结果。其中遗传因素是我们不能改变的。比如父母双方都有过敏史,子女的发病率可高达60%;如果子女是双胞胎,其中一个孩子发病,另一个孩子的发病率可高达70%以上;如果父母是单方过敏,子女的发病率在20%~40%之间;父母没有过敏史的,子女的发病率在20%以下。环境因素则包括我们的日常生活中的一切因素,比如花粉过敏的病人越来越多和工作、生活环境有一定的关系。过度的精神紧张和疲劳、生活不规律等,都会导致机体抵抗力下降,这也是导致过敏发生的原因之一。

如何防治过敏?

当然,生活中过敏性疾病的发病与接触过敏原有关系。在日常生活中,主要有以下五大过敏原。

1.吸入式过敏原。如花粉、柳絮、粉尘、螨虫、动物皮屑、油烟、油漆、汽车尾气、煤气、香烟等。

2.食入式过敏原。如牛奶、鸡蛋、鱼虾、牛羊肉、海鲜、动物脂肪、异体蛋白、酒精、毒品、抗菌药、香油、香精、葱、姜、大蒜以及一些蔬菜和水果等。

3.接触式过敏原。如冷空气、热空气、紫外线、辐射、化妆品、洗发水、洗洁精、染发剂、肥皂、化纤用品、塑料、金属饰品、细菌、霉菌等。

4.注射式过敏原。如青霉素、链霉素、异种血清等。

5.自身组织抗原。精神紧张、工作压力大、受微生物感染、电离辐射、烧伤等生物、理化因素影响而使结构或组成发生改变的自身组织抗原产生,以及由于外伤或感染而释放的自身隐蔽抗原。

根据不同的过敏原因,采取相应的预防措施,比如对吸入物过敏,例如,有花粉过敏的人群,有条件的可以移离生活环境,室内安装空气净化器。在花粉期,应尽量减少外出,外出时做好防护措施。若尘土或尘螨过敏,要采取定期清洗空调窗帘床上用品,打扫卫生时戴口罩等预防措施。若食物过敏,最有效的方法就是忌口,进行饮食调整。世界卫生组织曾提出防治过敏性疾病的最佳方法就是阻断环境中的过敏原。如果能够完全避免过敏原接触,那么过敏性疾病就可以不治而愈。

当然,除了避免接触过敏原外,药物治疗和脱敏治疗也是一种手段。药物治疗主要包括抗组胺药物、鼻用糖皮质激素、抗白三烯药物、色酮类药物、减充血剂、鼻腔盐水冲洗等。现在也有使用局部制剂直接将药物用于鼻腔可使高浓度的药物有效地到达靶组织,起效快,不良反应少且操作简便,患儿配合良好,效果明显,因此局部治疗越来越常用。脱敏治疗,即明确了过敏原后,使患者从小剂量开始接触过敏原,剂量逐渐增加到维持剂量,继续使用足够的疗程,使患者机体的免疫系统产生免疫耐受,再次接触过敏原时,过敏症状明显减轻或者不再发生。这种治疗方法是一种对因治疗,是可以阻断过敏性疾病自然进程的方法,从而减轻或控制过敏症状,到达脱敏治疗的目的。

此外,患者教育也是一方面。我国有庞大的过敏性疾病患病人群,不少患者因不重视、不知晓过敏性疾病的特征而长期延误治疗,直到病情严重才到医院就医。通过对患者的教育,过敏性疾病知识得以普及,让患者了解过敏性疾病,及时进行预防和治疗。

总之,过敏性疾病应引起高度重视,做到早期诊断、早期治疗、早期预防,防止严重后果的发生。

我国变态反应学科医生的培养任重而道远

过敏性疾病是全身性疾病,涉及多个器官和系统,其临床特点需要临床医生从整体上认识和解决。站在各自专科的角度认识和诊治过敏性疾病,局限性很大。

在国外发达国家,每五***约有一个变态反应学科的医生。在中国,虽然有约有2亿人深受过敏性疾病的困扰,但真正的变态反应学科的医生太少,根本满足不了临床的需求。目前,就连有些三甲医院也没有设立变态反应科。少数能为患者提供诊疗服务的变态反应专科医生,分散在医院的变态反应(过敏)科、儿科、内科、耳鼻喉科和皮肤科。而即便是医疗机构成立了变态反应科室和变态反应门诊,但是很多医生都没有经过正规的培训。

目前,变态反应(过敏)专科医生培训体系建设已纳入国家专科医生培训体系,这为我国过敏专科医师队伍建设提供了新契机。

不过,我国的变态反应学科要想达到标准化、规范化还需要一个漫长的过程。加快专业医护团队的发展,加强医护人员教育,提高医护人员的素质,这是一个非常重要的问题。

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    2017-07-06 Arthur M

    学习了

    0

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    2017-07-06 lyh994

    这样的专题非常好!

    0

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    2017-07-06 189****7206

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-07-05 王秀

    学习了,涨知识了!

    0

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    2017-07-05 thlabcde

    好东西学习了!

    0

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    2017-07-05 衣带渐宽

    坐着

    0