高血压年会 2020:祝之明:原醛症规范治疗失败后的消融治疗

2020-09-24 《门诊》杂志 门诊新视野

有研究显示,约15~20%的高血压患者存在原发性醛固酮增多症(PAL)(原醛症),原醛症的最大危害性并不完全为血压增高,它还与卒中、心肌梗死、房颤及左室心肌肥厚风险增加相关。药物治疗和行肾上腺切除术是

有研究显示,约15~20%的高血压患者存在原发性醛固酮增多症(PAL)(原醛症),原醛症的最大危害性并不完全为血压增高,它还与卒中心肌梗死、房颤及左室心肌肥厚风险增加相关。药物治疗和行肾上腺切除术是治疗原醛症的传统治疗方法,但存在诸多不足,新型消融治疗方法因多方面优势正逐渐崭露头角。2020年9月18日,在2020年中国高血压年会暨第22届国际高血压及相关疾病学术研讨会上,陆军军医大学大坪医院祝之明教授就原醛症的诊断难点、传统治疗局限性、消融治疗的优势进行了精彩阐述。

原醛症诊断中的几个难点

是否遵循原醛症的诊治指南?根据国外的调查来看,真正遵循原醛症诊治流程进行操作的专科中心不到15%。

生化检测方法测定ARR是否可靠?生化检测方法包括放射免疫法(放免法)和化学发光法;放免法虽更为人所熟悉,但耗时更长,结果波动更大;新型测定方法化学发光法可直接测定肾素和醛固酮浓度,耗时更短,结果相对更为可靠,但该方法推广普及面没有放免法广。

是否行确诊试验进一步证实?虽然指南中列出了4种确诊试验方法,但临床上应用较多的是生理盐水输注试验和卡托普利试验,口服高钠饮食和氟氢可的松试验用的不是很多。不建议高血压危象、心功能衰减患者使用生理盐水输注试验,个人体会是生理盐水输注试验的可靠性比卡托普利试验更好。

是否术前行肾上腺静脉取血(AVS)?关于原醛症最大的问题在于做了影像学检查后,针对有腺瘤或无腺瘤,确定是否存在醛固酮分泌优势侧。AVS是当前确定腺瘤优势分泌的金标准,仅依据CT结果、部分预测指标(如病程、血压、血钾等)不是很可靠。根据大坪医院和阜外医院的部分临床数据,发现CT和AVS两者结果之间吻合的比例仅50%左右。另外我们还发现在很多CT显示非腺瘤型原醛症患者中,AVS显示>60%有优势分泌,且与影像学改变不符。系统性回顾分析发现,如仅依据影像学CT/MR结果决定治疗方案,将导致37.8%的原醛症患者误诊误治,具体为14.6%患者做了不必要的手术,19.1%患者本该进行手术却未做,4.6%的患者手术侧选择错误。因此,仅根据CT来决定治疗方案有一定风险。

原醛症药物与手术治疗的局限

药物治疗存在诸多局限。一方面,采用醛固酮受体(MR)拮抗剂并未能有效降低原醛症患者的血管风险及副作用。2018年哈佛大学发表于Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol的一项研究显示,与年龄匹配及血压水平相似的原发性高血压患者相比,醛固酮受体(MR)拮抗剂治疗的原醛症患者,如果肾素仍然受到抑制,其发生心血管事件(心肌梗死,卒中,因心力衰竭住院)的风险几乎高出3倍。另一方面,因醛固酮受体拮抗剂价格过于低廉,致使当前暂未有大型前瞻性对照临床研究用于评估其药物疗效。此外,该药物还存在部分副作用,包括男性乳房增生、女性月经不调及其它一些中枢神经系统副作用等。

另外,针对醛固酮腺瘤患者的肾上腺切除术疗效是较为肯定的。约50%患者高血压可治愈,94%患者血钾与醛固酮可恢复至正常水平,且术后有病理学佐证。但该手术最大难点在于术前需行肾上腺静脉取血(AVS)以确定优势分泌侧,而真正国外可行AVS的医院大概只有13%,国内该比例则更低。如未行AVS,仅依据CT结果,可能导致误诊。如完全手术切掉腺瘤,可能带来外科手术失败和后期处理困难等问题。

原醛症传统干预失败后的消融治疗

消融治疗的适应症包括:药物治疗效果欠佳,不能耐受药物副作用,且无外科手术适应症者;有手术指征,但不愿行外科手术或手术风险大者;外科手术后疗效不佳,经药物治疗疗效欠佳者;依据AVS明确存在高分泌(有或无瘤体)侧者。

消融治疗目前主要为两种:

一种是物理消融,比如CT引导经皮射频物理消融术,射频物理消融(RAF)的基本原理是利用射频治疗仪产生热效应造成细胞死亡和溶解。

另一种是化学消融,比如超选肾上腺动脉化学消融术,采取上肢桡动脉路径送入微导管,无水乙醇用作栓塞剂,可引起肾上腺组织蛋白凝固性坏死,相当于部分切除了肾上腺组织。有文献报道,肾上腺全部切除和部分切除两者之间的疗效相似。

针对腺瘤型原醛症患者采用肾上腺消融治疗可取得较理想治疗效果。患者术后醛固酮、ARR、血钾、血压等均有明显改善,且用药明显减少。

近年来,大坪医院针对非腺瘤型原醛症患者采用肾上腺消融治疗也取得了较理想治疗效果。这些患者肾上腺无形态学改变、双侧增生(达75%)、血钾低(3.63 mmol/L)、ARR增高(中位数35)。经消融后,收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)均有显着下降,其中完全缓解组SBP下降达20 mmHg,DBP下降达16 mmHg,部分缓解组SBP下降达30 mmHg,DBP下降达14 mmHg;在生化方面,9例患者(25%)达到完全缓解,13例患者(36%)达到部分缓解,治疗后血压较术前明显改善比例达61%,术后血钾、ARR恢复正常患者比例达44.4%,术后血钾4.32±0.45 mmol/L,ARR 8.0(4.0-13.0),醛固酮17.47±4.09 ng/dl。(图1)

图1. 原醛症患者消融术后的改善情况

在安全性方面,患者未出现临床医师关注的肾上腺皮质功能低下症状,主要副作用为部分患者出现消化道症状(包括恶心、呕吐)、腰背部疼痛,但对症治疗通常两三天或者一周内即可消除。另外,针对行手术后复发的患者(4例),再行消融治疗后,患者血压和生化指标均有明显缓解,且用药较术前明显减少。

将外科手术和内科消融进行对比,大体而言,内科消融几乎具备外科手术的所有优势。比如内科消融可降低血压和醛固酮、升高血钾,可反复多次进行;微创,副作用少且严重程度更轻,成本效益优于外科手术,且在远期疗效方面,国外小样本病例提示内科消融的长期疗效明确,而外科手术的远期疗效取决于术前诊断是否正确。因此,可以预计内科消融将是未来治疗原醛症的重要方法。(表1)

表1. 外科手术与内科消融的对比

总结

原醛症常合并难治性高血压,有较大的心脑血管风险,尤其非腺瘤仅具一侧高分泌者对诊断具有很大挑战性,合理运用AVS正确诊断及精准治疗十分重要。传统药物治疗和外科手术治疗原醛症均有一定的局限性,超选肾上腺动脉化学消融术是对传统治疗的重要补充,具有疗效确切,安全及副作用少的特点。AVS是确定是否消融治疗的基础,消融失败可继续外科手术治疗,多学科协作是开展该项技术的重要保障。

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    2020-09-25 咻凡

    多学科协作值得学习!

    0

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    2020-09-24 Lexi

    合理运用AVS正确诊断及精准治疗十分重要。

    0

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