美欧人类遗传学会发布无创产前筛查(NIPT)建议

2015-04-29 佚名 生物谷

2015年3月18日,《欧洲人类遗传学杂志》在线发表了《Non-invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy and beyond: challenges of responsible innovation in prenatal screening》。文中,欧洲人类遗传学协会(ESHG)和美国人类遗传学会(ASHG)对临床实践中的无创产前筛查(NIPT)提

2015年3月18日,《欧洲人类遗传学杂志》在线发表了《Non-invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy and beyond: challenges of responsible innovation in prenatal screening》。文中,欧洲人类遗传学协会(ESHG)和美国人类遗传学会(ASHG)对临床实践中的无创产前筛查(NIPT)提出十条建议。

1、与现有的孕早期筛查方式相比,NIPT在常见常染色体非整倍体的检测方面有着更高的准确性。然而,NIPT的阳性结果不应该作为最终诊断:有多种原因(测序的DNA既包括胎源性DNA也包括母源性DNA,其中胎源性DNA来源于胎盘以及正在发育的胎儿)会导致假阳性结果。因此对于NIPT结果为阳性的孕妇,建议在做出妊娠终止的决定前,进行羊水穿刺等介入性诊断进行确认。

2、尽管介入性检测率较低的NIPT筛查方式表现更佳,但是不能因此降低预测信息和咨询的标准。这对于为孕妇提供有意义的生育选择尤其重要。要特别留意其他语种、文化背景或健康知识不足的女性对信息的需求。

3、NIPT在应用于特定染色体检测(例如21三体、18三体、13三体)的同时,也会带来一些其他的检测发现,例如其他染色体异常或大片段的插入或缺失。作为检测前咨询的一部分,夫妇双方应该被告知会检出除目标疾病外其他疾病的可能性以及这些额外发现将会带来的影响。针对这些额外发现的检测结果,应该制定相应明确的处理政策以考虑受检者是否愿意接受这些额外检测发现的意愿。

4、将NIPT产前筛查扩大到性染色体异常和微缺失不仅会引发关于信息和咨询挑战的道德问题,也可能对NIPT的非整倍体检测的使用而大幅减少介入性检测带来逆向的影响。

5、胎儿异常的产前筛查与预防性筛查相结合可能会传递出含混不清的信息,造成咨询意见不足。应该尽可能明确清楚所有产前筛查活动的目的,包含不同目的的产前筛查应该单独列出。如果无法做到,起码在提供相关信息时进行概念性的区分。

6、对于将胎儿异常产前筛查列为国家公共卫生项目的国家,政府和公共卫生部门应发挥积极的作用,确保NIPT作为唐氏综合征和其他常见常染色体非整倍体筛查的第二或第一级筛查手段。这需要确保质量控制、NIPT产前筛查的非实验室因素(信息、咨询)、人才教育、筛查项目各方面的系统性评价、可用预算范围内的所有孕妇公平获取信息和建立产前筛查进一步创新的管理结构。

7、NIPT筛查常见染色体非整倍体可以有多种不同的筛查模式,包括作为替代性的一线筛查检测。如何在这些不同的筛查模式中做出选择,不仅仅要考虑到检测技术本身的技术指标和卫生经济学指标,还应该考虑到是否能够对孕妇提供有意义的生育指导、对孕妇及其家人带来的益处和风险、以及筛查目标和社会可接受的价值观之间的平衡。

8、为了对产前筛查进行充分评估,有必要进一步促进知情选择以及知情选择干预相关方法的研究及验证。转向基于NIPT的产前筛查为填补了这一知识缺口提供了机会。

9、随着测序技术的快速发展和测序成本的不断降低,对于未来胎儿异常的产前筛查范围的专业性和社会性讨论也变得尤为重要。正如文中所述,道德层面的原因是让产前筛查限于严重先天性儿童异常,而不进一步扩大范围的重要原因。

10、产前筛查为胎儿治疗和自助生育权带来了可能,这为探讨生育自主权和父母责任关系的伦理分析提出了疑问。

原始出处:

Wybo Dondorp1, Guido de Wert1, Yvonne Bombard2,et al.Non-invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy and beyond: challenges of responsible innovation in prenatal screening. European Journal of Huamn Genetics, March 18, 2015.doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.57

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    2016-08-23 忠诚向上

    好好学习一下

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    2015-05-01 qilu_qi
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    2015-05-01 智慧医人