JAMA Intern Med:决策支持策略有助于减少基层医疗中抗生素过度使用

2013-01-21 JAMA Intern Med CMT 吴君德 编译

  一项美国研究显示,决策支持策略(decision support strategy)有助于减少基层医疗中抗生素的过度使用。论文2013年1月14日在线发表于《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)。   针对非复杂性急性支气管炎,研究者在一个综合卫生保健系统所属的33家基层医疗机构开展了该聚类随机研究。其中,干预组采用纸质决策支持策略,或电脑辅助决策支持策略(各11家),其余为对照

  一项美国研究显示,决策支持策略(decision support strategy)有助于减少基层医疗中抗生素的过度使用。论文2013年1月14日在线发表于《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)。

  针对非复杂性急性支气管炎,研究者在一个综合卫生保健系统所属的33家基层医疗机构开展了该聚类随机研究。其中,干预组采用纸质决策支持策略,或电脑辅助决策支持策略(各11家),其余为对照组。纸质决策组向患者分发教育手册,并在检查室中张贴急性呼吸道感染诊治流程图;而电脑辅助决策组则以电子病历提醒护士分发患者教育手册,并将相应流程图编入电子病历系统中。研究者比较了干预后的冬季(2009年10月1日至2010年3月31日)与前3年冬季的抗生素处方率。

  结果与之前相比,纸质组青少年及成人的抗生素处方率从80.0%下降至68.3%,电脑组则从74.0%降至60.7%,但对照组却轻微上升。当控制了患者及医师的特征,并进行聚类后,纸质组及电脑组与对照组间的处方率出现了显著差异(P值分别为0.003及0.01),但两个干预组间并无显著差异。

  

  ■ 同期述评

  决策支持策略:误入歧途的成功?

  美国哈佛医学院布莱根妇女医院 林德(Linder)

  上述研究是成功的,其结果略优于大多数其他干预措施。然而,其中有些结果却值得我们思考。抗生素绝不应用于急性呼吸道感染,而在“成功”地干预后,其处方率仍高于60%。

  因此,为减少急性呼吸道感染中不合适的抗生素处方,首先应明确告知患者抗生素应用的利与弊:抗生素最多能减轻症状,却有5%~25%的患者将出现不良反应,甚至至少1‰的患者将因严重的药物不良反应而死亡。

  其次,从干预角度而言,采取随机对照研究可能并不合适。显然,我们采用的干预措施效果极微,且可能强度不够。我们太过苛求流行病学,而在研究全程都采用固定的干预措施。也许我们不应采用固定的干预措施,而应采用持续的质量改善技术,关注对结果的持续测定。如果抗生素处方率不下降,就应采取额外的干预措施使其下降。

  再次,为改变医师行为,干预措施不应限于医疗领域,可邀请商业领袖、心理学家、行为经济学家等加入,共同应对这一看似棘手的问题。

  最后,我们应重新定义“成功”一词。成功并非将抗生素处方率降低10%,而是将其降至10%。


Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Infections—Success That's Way Off the Mark
Comment on “A Cluster Randomized Trial of Decision Support Strategies for Reducing Antibiotic Use in Acute Bronchitis”

BACKGROUND 
National quality indicators show little change in the overuse of antibiotics for uncomplicated acute bronchitis. We compared the effect of 2 decision support strategies on antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis. 
METHODS 
We conducted a 3-arm cluster randomized trial among 33 primary care practices belonging to an integrated health care system in central Pennsylvania. The printed decision support intervention sites (11 practices) received decision support for acute cough illness through a print-based strategy, the computer-assisted decision support intervention sites (11 practices) received decision support through an electronic medical record-based strategy, and the control sites (11 practices) served as a control arm. Both intervention sites also received clinician education and feedback on prescribing practices, as well as patient education brochures at check-in. Antibiotic prescription rates for uncomplicated acute bronchitis in the winter period (October 1, 2009, through March 31, 2010) following introduction of the intervention were compared with the previous 3 winter periods in an intent-to-treat analysis. 
RESULTS 
Compared with the baseline period, the percentage of adolescents and adults prescribed antibiotics during the intervention period decreased at the printed decision support intervention sites (from 80.0% to 68.3%) and at the computer-assisted decision support intervention sites (from 74.0% to 60.7%) but increased slightly at the control sites (from 72.5% to 74.3%). After controlling for patient and clinician characteristics, as well as clustering of observations by clinician and practice site, the differences for the intervention sites were statistically significant from the control sites (P = .003 for control sites vs printed decision support intervention sites and P = .01 for control sites vs computer-assisted decision support intervention sites) but not between themselves (P = .67 for printed decision support intervention sites vs computer-assisted decision support intervention sites). Changes in total visits, 30-day return visit rates, and proportion diagnosed as having uncomplicated acute bronchitis were similar among the study sites. 
CONCLUSIONS 
Implementation of a decision support strategy for acute bronchitis can help reduce the overuse of antibiotics in primary care settings. The effect of printed vs computer-assisted decision support strategies for providing decision support was equivalent. 
    

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