谁说胸腔镜是外科的独门绝技,你知道内科胸腔镜吗?

2017-11-28 宋小编 肿瘤资讯

胸腔镜可不是外科医生的独门绝技,内科胸腔镜对于部分疾病的诊断和治疗也是至关重要的。

提起胸腔镜,大家更多想到的是外科胸腔镜,也就是电视胸腔镜辅助外科手术(Video-assisted thoracic surgery,VATS),它创伤小、恢复快,开创了胸外科微创手术的新时代。但是,胸腔镜可不是外科医生的独门绝技,内科胸腔镜对于部分疾病的诊断和治疗也是至关重要的。在美国大约5-10%的内科医生使用内科胸腔镜技术诊治肺、胸膜疾病。在欧洲,胸腔镜技术被列入内科培训计划。

什么是内科胸腔镜?

内科胸腔镜,又称胸膜腔镜(pleuroscopy),能够在直视下观察胸腔的变化并可进行胸膜各层活检。因此,在肿瘤科,这项技术的应用对肺胸膜疾病的诊断及不能确诊的胸腔积液的诊治具有重要的实际意义。内科胸腔镜与外科胸腔镜的主要区别在于:1、内科胸腔镜由内科医生在气管镜室完成,不需要手术室准备;2、局麻(或联合静脉镇静)下操作,不需要气管插管、全身麻醉;3、操作过程较外科胸腔镜简单、操作过程时间较短;4、直视下操作,安全性更高;5、费用较低。

发展简史

胸腔镜始于1910年,瑞典的内科医生Jancobaeus采用Nitze设计的内窥镜并将其应用于胸膜腔,用于诊断和治疗当时困扰人们的肺结核病。上世纪80年代,电视显像系统、微型摄像系统、冷光源及光导纤维束引入胸腔镜,使胸腔镜操作更加方便准确,VATS大规模发展及应用。由可弯曲前端与硬质操作杆部组成的新型软硬结合的胸腔镜的出现,较传统的硬质胸腔镜更易于操作,越来越多的临床医生医生已开始在临床应用这种尖端可弯曲的内科胸腔镜(Flexirigid thoracoscopy,或称为semi-rigid thoracoscopy)。

内科胸腔镜的适应症

胸膜肿瘤的诊断与治疗胸腔镜可直视,一次可获得多个活检标本,提高诊断率。

肺癌的分期可直接观察肿瘤的胸膜浸润。肺癌患者伴发的胸腔积液并非均为恶性,对于非转移性胸腔积液的肺癌患者仍有手术治疗机会。

明确复发性气胸的病因,Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期自发性气胸的局部治疗。

膈肌、纵隔和心包活检。

在临床实践中,内科胸腔镜更多的作用是诊断,而这其中90%是对于不明原因胸腔积液的病因诊断。内科胸腔镜可以一次性抽净积液,对于消除对胸膜刺激,避免胸膜肥厚,降低胸腔胶体渗透压,减轻渗出起到重要作用。

内科胸腔镜的禁忌症

绝对禁忌:胸膜粘连、胸膜腔必塞

相对禁忌:血小板低于40X109;不能控制的咳嗽;低氧血症

操作要点

患者健侧卧位。

切口可以选择患侧腋中线4-8肋,或腋后线6-7肋。

局部麻醉。

麻醉后,定位点处行1-1.5cm切口(图1),钝性分离皮下各层至胸膜,置入穿刺套管并送入胸腔镜。

监视器上观察胸腔情况,依据需要抽液、活检等(图2)。

内科胸腔镜常见并发症及处理

发热:一般为操作刺激所致,发生率不高,对症处理。

胸膜腔内出血:活检后出血多数可自行止血;持续性微小出血可以电凝固;血管损失造成的出血相对罕见,但具有致死性,需要紧急开胸手术治疗。

气胸:少见并发症,可行胸腔闭式引流术。

复张性肺水肿:风险很低,因为操作过程中胸腔与大气相通,肺部不会完全复张。

内科胸腔镜操作安全性很高。并发症发生率各文献报道不一,约3-22.6%,但严重并发症少见,致死性并发症仅0.01-0.6%。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1420079, encodeId=e66414200e989, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51208416264' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胸腔镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84162, encryptionId=51208416264, topicName=胸腔镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bb933558102, createdName=yinxm8304, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 12:32:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265268, encodeId=84512652688c, content=谢谢分享.学习受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Wed Nov 29 07:28:19 CST 2017, time=2017-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265201, encodeId=c285265201c4, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed Nov 29 04:17:33 CST 2017, time=2017-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265144, encodeId=94902651444a, content=学了........, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Neru1qt53a14aACuSzg3TZhkTcsPYVibyHibhTZ5L4k9qIBWiaej4lgomIsGptf8N16E4mTuIq2DVdJXjPjmwZKrLib/0, createdBy=5a0f2055853, createdName=135****7952平儿, createdTime=Tue Nov 28 22:49:32 CST 2017, time=2017-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265121, encodeId=1995265121bc, content=好资料学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Tue Nov 28 21:39:54 CST 2017, time=2017-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-29 清风拂面

    谢谢分享.学习受益匪浅

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1420079, encodeId=e66414200e989, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51208416264' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胸腔镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84162, encryptionId=51208416264, topicName=胸腔镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bb933558102, createdName=yinxm8304, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 12:32:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265268, encodeId=84512652688c, content=谢谢分享.学习受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Wed Nov 29 07:28:19 CST 2017, time=2017-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265201, encodeId=c285265201c4, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed Nov 29 04:17:33 CST 2017, time=2017-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265144, encodeId=94902651444a, content=学了........, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Neru1qt53a14aACuSzg3TZhkTcsPYVibyHibhTZ5L4k9qIBWiaej4lgomIsGptf8N16E4mTuIq2DVdJXjPjmwZKrLib/0, createdBy=5a0f2055853, createdName=135****7952平儿, createdTime=Tue Nov 28 22:49:32 CST 2017, time=2017-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265121, encodeId=1995265121bc, content=好资料学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Tue Nov 28 21:39:54 CST 2017, time=2017-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-29 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1420079, encodeId=e66414200e989, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51208416264' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胸腔镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84162, encryptionId=51208416264, topicName=胸腔镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bb933558102, createdName=yinxm8304, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 12:32:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265268, encodeId=84512652688c, content=谢谢分享.学习受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Wed Nov 29 07:28:19 CST 2017, time=2017-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265201, encodeId=c285265201c4, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed Nov 29 04:17:33 CST 2017, time=2017-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265144, encodeId=94902651444a, content=学了........, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Neru1qt53a14aACuSzg3TZhkTcsPYVibyHibhTZ5L4k9qIBWiaej4lgomIsGptf8N16E4mTuIq2DVdJXjPjmwZKrLib/0, createdBy=5a0f2055853, createdName=135****7952平儿, createdTime=Tue Nov 28 22:49:32 CST 2017, time=2017-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265121, encodeId=1995265121bc, content=好资料学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Tue Nov 28 21:39:54 CST 2017, time=2017-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-28 135****7952平儿

    学了........

    0

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    2017-11-28 thlabcde

    好资料学习了!

    0