合理用药:儿童抗癫痫药物的合理应用

2022-09-13 ANDs ANDs

本文主要阐述用药时机选择、用药原则及注意事项

癫痫是儿童神经系统疾病中最常见的慢性疾病之一,患病率为0.4%~0.7%。对于大多数癫痫患儿而言,口服抗癫痫药物(AEDs)治疗癫痫通常为首选的治疗方案。AEDs的合理使用非常重要。本文将从AEDs临床使用的多个环节进行阐述。

01治疗时机的选择

临床上很多医师有以下疑问:首次癫痫发作后是否立即需要开始抗癫痫治疗?研究表明,首次癫痫发作后即开始AEDs治疗确实可以降低34%(15%~52%)的再发作风险,但对患者的长期癫痫发作预后没有影响。因此,第一次癫痫发作后通常可以暂时不开始AEDs治疗,但需加强看护,避免意外伤害。

第一次癫痫发作后,如出现以下情况可考虑进行AEDs治疗:(1)首次发作为癫痫持续状态;(2)推测第二次癫痫发作可能性大(如脑内结构性病灶);(3)清醒期公共场合的发作,可能对患儿身心产生影响,影响年长患儿及家长的心理。

第二次癫痫发作后通常可以考虑开始AEDs治疗,但以下情况可暂不开始AEDs治疗:(1)癫痫发作次数稀少;(2)年龄依赖性自限性癫痫,距自限年龄较近;(3)癫痫发作对患儿生活质量无明显影响,家长暂时不愿患儿服药。

AEDs通常是较长期的治疗过程,在决定开始AEDs治疗前,需要权衡收益与风险,当治疗的收益>癫痫再发作+AEDs治疗潜在风险时,可考虑开始AEDs治疗。应该由临床医师和患儿家属进行充分沟通,最终做出选择。

02用药原则

根据临床类型,可采用一种或几种药物合并使用,以便收到预期效果。

首选单独药物治疗:单独使用一种药物进行治疗可以很好地观察患者出现的不良反应、疗效等方面。所以,建议患者无论是儿童还是成人都使用一种药物进行治疗。单独一种药物治疗不好时,才使用联合用药。

联合用药基本原则:(1)将不同作用机制的药物配伍。(2)药物之间药代动力学或药效学方面相互作用要少。(3)避免主要药物不良反应重叠,以免患儿出现严重不耐受现象。(4)有条件时监测血药浓度,以便了解药物间相互作用结果和精确调整剂量。据此,合理用药前提为应当熟悉抗癫痫药物作用机制和药代动力学主要特点。

03联合用药的策略与技巧

1. 按照发作类型和综合征进行选药

往往需要对难治性癫痫患儿的发作类型或综合征进行再评估,应在明确诊断与分型的基础上合理联合用药,这样可起到事半功倍的效果,否则反而可能加重发作。不同癫痫发作类型和综合征用药要点主要包括以下几个方面:

(1)癫痫部分性发作临床最常见,可选用的药物较多,广谱与窄谱药物均可选择,包括卡马西平、苯妥英、苯巴比妥、丙戊酸、苯二氮卓类、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、唑尼沙胺、左乙拉西坦等。需要强调的是,有些患儿临床上虽然具有部分性发作的表现,但本质上则属于癫痫性脑病,如Dravet综合征、West综合征,不适宜用卡马西平、奥卡西平及拉莫三嗪,存在加重发作的风险。

(2)全面性发作应选用丙戊酸、苯巴比妥、拉莫三嗪、唑尼沙胺、托吡酯、左乙拉西坦、氯硝西泮等,应当注意儿童癫痫肌阵挛发作的情况比较复杂,拉莫三嗪对不同综合征具有完全相反的作用,如可有效控制青少年肌阵挛癫痫和Doose综合征的肌阵挛发作(尤其是与丙戊酸合用时),但对其他综合征的肌阵挛发作则无效甚至加重。苯巴比妥对肌阵挛发作无效。

(3)儿童癫痫性脑病大多属于难治性,几种相对常见的脑病可考虑的选药归纳如下:

  • 婴儿痉挛:类固醇[泼尼松或促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)]、氨己烯酸、托吡酯、丙戊酸、氯硝西泮、拉莫三嗪等;

  • Dravet综合征:丙戊酸、托吡酯、氯巴占、司替戊醇等;

  • Lennox-Gastaut综合征(LG综合征):丙戊酸、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、卢非酰胺、非氨酯、左乙拉西坦、类固醇等;

  • 肌阵挛-失张力癫痫(Doose综合征):丙戊酸、拉莫三嗪、氯巴占、卢非酰胺、非氨酯、乙琥胺等。

以上列举了目前临床常用的抗癫痫药物,但一些新的抗癫痫药物还在不断进入临床,对新药的评价还需一些时间。

2. 注意加量的速度和剂量

由于联合用药时药物之间的药效学相互作用难以预料,加量速度过快或一次增量幅度过大,可能造成部分患儿暂时严重不耐受的现象,从而过早放弃该药。一般认为癫痫发作越严重,所需药物剂量越大,因此,联合用药时应将每种药物剂量按照患儿耐受情况逐渐增加,加量过程中注意评价量效反应,以达到在患儿能够耐受范围内足量应用,最好能够监测血药浓度。

治疗中需注意的问题

1. AEDs的疗效判定

对于AEDs治疗结局的判断,分为无发作、治疗失败及不能确定三种。无发作是指无发作时间大于1年或接受治疗前最长发作时间间隔的3倍时间,两者取长者。治疗失败是指经过充分的药物治疗仍不能实现无发作。

做出某药物疗效判定前,必须充分了解以下信息:(1)该药物是否适合该患儿的癫痫发作及癫痫综合征?(2)该药物的剂量是否充分?(3)患儿是否遵医嘱服药(依从性)?(4)服药时间是否足够长?(5)是否发生不能耐受的不良反应?如果上述信息不充分,均不能做出准确疗效判断,视为不能确定。目前ILAE将耐药性癫痫定义为经过两种选择正确且耐受性好的AEDs(单药或联合治疗)的充分治疗,仍不能实现无发作。目前AEDs治疗的总体无发作率约为70%。

2. AEDs常见的不良反应及监测

与其他药物不良反应类似,AEDs的长期治疗过程中也有发生各类不良反应的风险。不良反应主要分为以下5类:

A类不良反应:不良反应与药物的已知作用机制有关,常见(发生率为1%~10%)或非常常见(发生率>10%),通常在用药早期出现,与剂量或血药浓度相关。该类不良反应可预见且可逆,包括嗜睡、困倦、疲劳、头晕、不稳、震颤、复视、记忆力减退、行为情绪改变及胃肠道症状等。

B类不良反应:不良反应与个体易感性(免疫、基因等)有关,不常见(发生率0.1%~1.0%)或罕见(发生率<0.1%),多在治疗数周内出现,不可预见,病死率及致残率高,可逆,包括皮疹、严重皮肤黏膜反应、再生障碍性贫血、粒细胞缺乏、肝毒性、胰腺炎、闭角型青光眼以及无菌性脑膜炎等。

C类不良反应:不良反应与累积剂量有关,常见(发生率1%~10%),慢性,多数可逆,包括骨密度减低、体重变化、叶酸缺乏、脱发、牙龈增生以及视野缺损等。

D类不良反应:不良反应与胎儿暴露有关(如致畸性或致癌性),不常见(发生率0.1%~1.0%),迟发,具有剂量依赖性,不可逆,主要包括胎儿畸形、后代发育迟缓等。

E类不良反应:不良反应与不良的药物相互作用有关,常见(发生率1%~10%),可预见,可逆。例如:LTG与VPA合用增加皮疹风险、作用机制类似的AED合用增加中枢神经系统毒性等。

在AEDs治疗过程中,需要监测上述不良反应,早期需要关注A类及B类不良反应,长期治疗需要关注C类不良反应,联合治疗需关注E类不良反应。

3. 治疗药物监测(TDM)

在长期治疗过程中,尤其对于传统AEDs,以下情况下需要进行TDM:(1)需要确定“个体治疗浓度”;(2)辅助判断剂量相关的不良反应;(3)判断依从性,尤其对于发作控制不佳以及突然复发的患者;(4)药物代谢动力学变量(儿童、老人、疾病、剂型调整)变化的情况下,指导剂量调整;(5)预期会发生药物代谢动力学变化时(如妊娠、合用或停用相互作用影响较大的药物);(6)对于剂量依赖性药物代谢动力学药物(尤其PHT)指导剂量调整;(7)判断成分不明的药物(如中药制剂)。

4. 药物减停

通常AEDs治疗后至少两年无癫痫发作,可以考虑减停药。减停用药之前,需充分与患儿家属沟通,权衡停药后的复发风险与继续服药的利弊。对于单药治疗,减停用药时间通常不小于6个月;对于联合治疗,通常每次只减停1种药物,每种药物减药时间不小于3个月。减药中或停药后复发风险为25%~30%,儿童减药后的累计无发作可能性在第一年为66%~96%,在第二年为61%~91%。即第一年复发风险高,之后复发的可能性逐渐减小。癫痫复发的危险因素与病因(如存在结构性病灶复发风险高)以及癫痫综合征(如青少年肌阵挛癫痫复发风险高)等因素有关。癫痫复发后的AEDs应用应与家属充分沟通决定是否重新治疗,可以重新使用之前有效的药物,但应根据目前患儿的个体因素变化(如年龄、发作类型)进行调整。

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