JAMA:脂质代谢基因或与非裔美国人阿尔茨海默病相关

2013-04-15 JAMA dxy

一项新的全组基因研究(GWAS)显示,以往报告的与白人晚发型阿尔茨海默病(LOAD)相关的 ATP结合盒转运子 (ABCA7)基因的变异体,也与非裔美国人LOAD相关,但影响程度更大。按该项研究作者的观点,除了载脂蛋白E (APOE) 相关的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)以外,ABCA7中的变异体代表了“最高等级”的SNPs,其影响程度与APOE ε4相仿。该项研究由纽约哥伦比亚大学与阿尔茨海默病脑衰

一项新的全组基因研究(GWAS)显示,以往报告的与白人晚发型阿尔茨海默病(LOAD)相关的 ATP结合盒转运子 (ABCA7)基因的变异体,也与非裔美国人LOAD相关,但影响程度更大。按该项研究作者的观点,除了载脂蛋白E (APOE) 相关的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)以外,ABCA7中的变异体代表了“最高等级”的SNPs,其影响程度与APOE ε4相仿。该项研究由纽约哥伦比亚大学与阿尔茨海默病脑衰老Taub研究所的Christiane Reitz博士领导。阿尔茨海默病遗传学财团的作者们说,ABCA7(和APOE类似)与类脂代谢有关,就提示这是一个研究非裔美国人LOAD的好路子。该研究据信是非裔美国人同类研究中最大的一项,发表于4月6日那期的JAMA,若研究结果被证实,作者断言:“ABCA7在非裔美国人中被鉴定为LOAD风险基因不仅可有助于阐明病因学,对于开发基因检测和防治的靶点也有重要意义。”
LOAD是最常见的痴呆原因,发病率从65岁时的1%至80岁以上的30%以上,且还在继续增加中。疾病风险与APOE的ε4 变异体的相关高达20%。在该项研究中,参与者均60岁或60岁以上,来自数个独立的非裔美国人社区研究、病例-对照研究、家族研究,收集时间到2011年为止,约覆盖30年。所有参与者均作严格的表型分析,使用的数据来自1968例LOAD非裔美国人和3928例认知正常的老人对照组。按旧金山加州大学基因组医学部的Robert L. Nussbaum博士所说,该研究采用了多种GWAS“最优方法”,包括基因分型质量控制、人群分层测试、不同变异体不同平台检测的基因分型数据的归并。最终的SNP集合包括总共17,332,474个基因分型的和估算的变异体。
该分析发现,经性别、年龄、APOE基因型、人群分层校正后,携带ABCA7变异体携带者LOAD比值比为1.79(95%置信限1.47 - 2.12; P = 2.21 × 10−9)。相比之下,欧洲血统人群报告过的ABCA7 SNPs影响程度较低(例如,有两个变异体分别比值比为1.13(95%置信限1.03 - 1.25)和1.23(95%置信限1.17 - 1.28)该研究的作者写道:“这与非裔美国人心血管、脑血管疾病比非拉丁裔白人突出这一事实是一致的”,再加上,血脂异常、心血管和脑血管疾病是公认的LOAD危险因素。ABCA7 SNP影响程度与APOE ε4的SNP相仿,比值比为2.31(95%置信限2.19 - 2.42;P = 5.5 × 10−47)以往发现与欧洲血统人群LOAD相关的其他基因的变异体,该研究证实了非裔美国人也有。
该研究的局限性在于可使用的非裔美国人LOAD数据稀缺,所以,该结果需要一个独立的非裔美国人样本来重复。同样,该研究检出影响程度小变异体以及罕见变异体的能力有限。Nussbaum医生也指出,GWAS研究(就像这一研究使用的)大多使用存在于至少1%人群的常见的变异体, 漏失其他类型变异体(例如多发性罕见变异体、结构变异体)对疾病易感性的作用。按Nussbaum医生的观点,一个替补族裔群体的追随研究对于学术和伦理原因都是重要的。他接着说:“在不同人种族群重复出对同一等位基因的相关可强化这些变异体在增加疾病易感性上是重要的这种观点。”此外,涉及脂类代谢两基因的变异体之间相关的高度重现性,凸显GWAS可如何指出复杂疾病中起作用的径路。
这些遗传变异体对风险改变影响的大小用比值比(oddsratio,OR)来衡量时在多数研究中是不太大的,在1.1-2.0这一范围。“当多个风险等位基因使用简单的加成模型时,复合效应似乎无法解释这些复杂疾病在家族中的高度聚集发生,这是被称为‘丢失的遗传性’(missingheritability)的一个谜样难题。”本研究没什么不同,但‘丢失的遗传性’是否是未能被不同位点的效应简单相加体现出来的、复杂的基因x 环境相互作用所致的一个真实现象。该结果在临床上用于风险预测,取决于谁用和怎么用这信息。“很清楚,当事情涉及个体基因组学,临床应用仍是‘情人眼里出西施’。”
阿尔茨海默病相关的拓展阅读:


Variants in the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter (ABCA7), Apolipoprotein E ϵ4,and the Risk of Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease in African Americans
Importance 

Genetic variants associated with susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer disease are known for individuals of European ancestry, but whether the same or different variants account for the genetic risk of Alzheimer disease in African American individuals is unknown. Identification of disease-associated variants helps identify targets for genetic testing, prevention, and treatment.
Objective 
To identify genetic loci associated with late-onset Alzheimer disease in African Americans.
Design, Setting, and Participants 
The Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC) assembled multiple data sets representing a total of 5896 African Americans (1968 case participants, 3928 control participants) 60 years or older that were collected between 1989 and 2011 at multiple sites. The association of Alzheimer disease with genotyped and imputed single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was assessed in case-control and in family-based data sets. Results from individual data sets were combined to perform an inverse variance–weighted meta-analysis, first with genome-wide analyses and subsequently with gene-based tests for previously reported loci.
Main Outcomes and Measures 
Presence of Alzheimer disease according to standardized criteria.
Results 
Genome-wide significance in fully adjusted models (sex, age, APOE genotype, population stratification) was observed for a SNP in ABCA7 (rs115550680, allele = G; frequency, 0.09 cases and 0.06 controls; odds ratio [OR], 1.79 [95% CI, 1.47-2.12]; P = 2.2 × 10−9), which is in linkage disequilibrium with SNPs previously associated with Alzheimer disease in Europeans (0.8 Conclusions and Relevance 
In this meta-analysis of data from African American participants, Alzheimer disease was significantly associated with variants in ABCA7 and with other genes that have been associated with Alzheimer disease in individuals of European ancestry. Replication and functional validation of this finding is needed before this information is used in clinical settings.

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