Science:改写教科书!Science首次揭秘,关于“受精卵”的这一认知,我们错了

2018-07-14 风铃 生物探索

长期以来,科学家们认为,在胚胎的第一次细胞分裂时,是一个纺锤体(spindle)负责将染色体分离到2个细胞中。然而,EMBL的科学家们现在却发现,实际上有2个纺锤体参与了染色体分离过程:每一套亲代染色体各有一个对应的纺锤体。


【图1】Artistic 3D rendering of the dual spindle in the mammalian zygote.
IMAGE: Cartasiova, Hoissan, Reichmann, Ellenberg/EMBL

长期以来,科学家们认为,在胚胎的第一次细胞分裂时,是一个纺锤体(spindle)负责将染色体分离到2个细胞中。然而,EMBL的科学家们现在却发现,实际上有2个纺锤体参与了染色体分离过程:每一套亲代染色体各有一个对应的纺锤体。

何为纺锤体?它由被称为微管(microtubules)的细的、管状蛋白质组成。在动物细胞有丝分裂期间,微管会动态生长,并自我组织成一个围绕染色体的双极纺锤体(bi-polar spindle)。微管纤维朝向染色体生长,并与之相连,为将染色体分离到子细胞做准备。

改写认知


【图2】在早期哺乳动物胚胎中,受精卵中双纺锤体的形成使亲代基因组保持分离
(图片来源:Science)

通常情况下,每个细胞只有1个双极纺锤体,然而,题为“Dual-spindle formation in zygotes keeps parental genomes apart in early mammalian embryos”的这项研究表明,在受精卵第一次细胞分裂期间,有2个双极纺锤体出现:一个负责分离来自母亲的染色体,一个负责分离来自父亲的染色体。这意味着,来自每个亲代(父亲和母亲)的遗传信息在第一次分裂时是分开的(见下图右侧模型)。


【图3】令人意外的是,在小鼠中,受精卵第一次分裂期间,来自雄性和雌性(精子和卵子)的染色体在不同的纺锤体上被分开。这增加了形成多核细胞的可能性。
(哺乳动物的第一次有丝分裂 | 图片来源:Science)

领导该研究的Jan Ellenberg说:“先前,我们已经知道,在像昆虫这样的简单生物中有双纺锤体的形成,但我们从来没有想过在像小鼠这样的哺乳动物身上也会发生这种情况。这一发现是一个巨大的惊喜。”



【图4】小鼠受精卵的免疫荧光染色(左图)显示,有2个有丝分裂纺锤体(绿色)平行排列。

右图显示了微管组织中心(洋红色)、微管与染色体结合的位点(灰色)以及染色体(蓝色)。

技术突破

事实上,为了弄清在胚胎发育早期亲代染色体是如何结合和分离的,科学家们必须在非常高的空间和时间分辨率下对受精卵进行成像。而如果没有由Ellenberg及论文共同作者Lars Hufnagel团队开发出的新显微镜技术LSMT(light-sheet microscopy technology),EMBL的研究团队是不可能获得这一发现的。

该技术能够对胚胎发育的早期阶段进行实时、3D成像。之所以先前的技术不行,是因为在发育的早期阶段,胚胎对光线非常敏感,会被传统的光学显微镜方法破坏。LSMT的高速和空间精度(high speed and spatial precision)大大减少了胚胎接触的光量,从而使得详细分析这些先前隐藏的过程成为了可能。

重大意义

每个人的生命都是从卵子受精开始的。科学家们认为,双纺锤体的形成可能部分解释了为什么哺乳动物在早期发育阶段(胚胎最初的几次细胞分裂中)会有非常高的错误率。如图3(红框标记处)所示,如果纺锤体的两极没有对齐和融合,那么,受精卵的遗传物质可能会被拉向3个或4个方向,而不是2个。而这种错误会导致拥有多个细胞核的细胞产生,从而终止胚胎发育。

Ellenberg认为,双纺锤体提供了一种先前未知的机制。接下来,非常重要的一步工作是,调查双纺锤体是否在人类中发挥了相同的作用。因为,这将为研究如何改善人类不育治疗提供非常有价值的信息。

原始出处:

Judith Reichmann, Bianca Nijmeijer, M. Julius Hossain, et.al. Dual-spindle formation in zygotes keeps parental genomes apart in early mammalian embryos. Science  13 Jul 2018

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    2018-07-16 jichang
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    2018-07-16 kksonne
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    2018-07-14 lyh994

    新的发现不断改写认知

    0

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    2018-07-14 183****7028

    学习

    0

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    2018-07-14 sunfeifeiyang

    0

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    2018-07-14 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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