Cell:单细胞RNA测序为果蝇神经元分类

2017-11-17 漱石 生物探索

大脑的神经系统由成千上万种不同类型的神经细胞构成,这些神经细胞在细胞形态,突触连结及生理功能上具有高度的多样性。不同种类的神经细胞中,其基因组、蛋白组、化学分子组成、代谢也都有着很大的差别。因此,对脑内神经细胞进行分类,以更好地理解其分子特性及生理功能十分重要。

11月16日,斯坦福大学骆利群教授与 Stephen Quake教授领导的研究小组在Cell期刊发表了一篇研究论文。该研究首次将单细胞测序运用到了模式动物果蝇大脑上,并成功对果蝇大脑嗅觉神经元进行了细胞分类。小编第一时间联系采访了论文的共同第一作者,骆利群教授实验室的李红杰博士。


图片来源:李红杰

大脑的神经系统由成千上万种不同类型的神经细胞构成,这些神经细胞在细胞形态,突触连结及生理功能上具有高度的多样性。不同种类的神经细胞中,其基因组、蛋白组、化学分子组成、代谢也都有着很大的差别。因此,对脑内神经细胞进行分类,以更好地理解其分子特性及生理功能十分重要。

目前,神经细胞的分类主要根据细胞形态、功能、以及所在位置等等。近年来,单细胞RNA测序技术为定义细胞类型提供了新途径。与传统的分类方法相比,单细胞RNA测序能够给出更多的分子水平信息,这些信息不仅能够帮助研究人员发现新的细胞类型,同时也有助于寻找调控细胞发育的分子机制。

建立果蝇神经细胞的单细胞RNA测序方法

在这篇题为“Classifying Drosophila Olfactory Projection Neuron Subtypes by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing”的研究论文中,研究人员利用单细胞RNA测序技术来研究神经元分类,并首次把这一技术运用到模式生物——果蝇的大脑嗅觉神经元中。在过去的二十年里,骆利群教授一直致力于研究果蝇的神经回路。 他说:“我们已经知道了果蝇的基因组信息,通过单细胞RNA测序,我们可以知道哪种细胞表达了哪些基因。”在果蝇的嗅觉神经系统中,五十类嗅觉投射神经细胞和五十类上游的嗅觉感受神经细胞形成一对一的突触连接,不同种类的嗅觉投射神经细胞有非常特异的连接和功能,因此是一个研究神经细胞分类的极佳模型。


果蝇大脑荧光图,GFP为嗅觉投射神经元胞体,RFP为嗅觉投射神经元轴突及树突。图片来源:李红杰和李介夫

虽然单细胞RNA测序技术已经广泛应用于小鼠和人类细胞中。但李红杰在实验过程中却遇到一个难题:果蝇的细胞太小,因而无法从单个果蝇神经细胞中得到足够的RNA来进行测序。通过和斯坦福大学Stephen Quake 教授实验室的Felix Horns(中文名:康思业)博士生合作,他们最终克服了这一难题,成功开发了一种能够应用于果蝇神经元和胶质细胞的单细胞RNA测序方法。

机器学习助力细胞分类

通过对基因表达图谱的分析,能准确地把不同的神经细胞进行分类。但是,在基因表达水平,不同种类的神经细胞基于怎样的标准区分呢?研究人员测试了两种假设模型:每一类神经元表达一个特定的基因,或者每一类神经元表达一个特定的基因组合(即多个基因)。研究人员开发了一种名为ICIM的机器学习算法来识别区分细胞类型的基因。结果表明,这种数据分析支持了第二种模型——因为,在大部分类型的神经细胞里并没有发现特异性的单个基因。


图片来源:Cell

早期发育阶段神经细胞的种类达到顶峰

更有趣的是,研究人员还发现在早期发育阶段,即神经回路形成时期,神经细胞的种类达到顶峰,发育结束之后,不同神经细胞汇合成一类。李红杰表示,这可能是因为在早期发育阶段,不同类型的神经细胞要形成特异的神经回路,而这种特异性是由基因的不同表达来控制的。在神经回路形成之后,这些控制特异性的基因就不再表达。所以,当他们通过基因测序的方法来分析神经细胞分类的时候,发现早期发育阶段神经细胞的基因表达图谱非常不同,但随着发育结束,一些功能相近的不同类型神经细胞,表达图谱就变得基本一致了。

推动基础科研

李红杰认为,这项发现的意义在于对之后的高等动物或者人类神经细胞分类研究提供了新的思路。这种新的果蝇大脑嗅觉投射神经元的单细胞RNA测序方法可以运用到果蝇的其他组织细胞或者其他动物模型中体积较小的细胞类型中。并且,研究中构建的基于机器学习的数据分析方法ICIM能够很好的把非常相似的细胞类型分类,这为其他类似的研究提供参考。此外,研究结果还揭示神经细胞种类在早期发育阶段和发育结束后存在差异。这就意味着运用测序进行神经元分类研究时,不能只关注成体即发育结束后的一个时期,否则可能错失一些细胞种类的信息。

采访最后,李红杰特别强调了科研过程中“合作”的重要性。目前,很多生命科学的研究都需要来自不同领域的技术和方法,而研究人员不可能各种技术都精通,所以跨学科合作变得越来越普遍和重要。他认为,在主导一个课题时寻求适当的合作,让正确的人去做正确的事,能够极大地提高科研效率。

研究人员信息


从左到右依次为:共同第一作者李红杰博士;共同第一作者Felix Horns(中文名:康思业);共同通讯作者,斯坦福大学生物工程与应用物理学教授Stephen Quake;共同通讯作者,斯坦福大学生物系教授,HHMI研究员骆利群院士 。图片来源:斯坦福大学网站.

原始出处:Hongjie Li, Felix Horns, Bing Wu, et al. Classifying drosophila olfactory project neuron subtypes. Cell. 16 November 2017

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    2018-08-08 维他命
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    2017-11-19 haouestc
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