Nat Commun:癌细胞扩散原来也可以“传染”

2017-06-19 药明康德 学术经纬

最近,科罗拉多大学(University of Colorado)的科学家在《自然》子刊《Nature Communications》上发表论文,指出转移性乳腺癌细胞可向周围正常的细胞发出信号,使得本来处于锚定状态的细胞开始扩散。这项工作揭示了癌细胞扩散相关信号通路中的重要一环,当被打断时可以降低癌症转移的可能性。

最近,科罗拉多大学(University of Colorado)的科学家在《自然》子刊《Nature Communications》上发表论文,指出转移性乳腺癌细胞可向周围正常的细胞发出信号,使得本来处于锚定状态的细胞开始扩散。这项工作揭示了癌细胞扩散相关信号通路中的重要一环,当被打断时可以降低癌症转移的可能性。

说到这一发现,我们不得不提一下当前在乳腺癌转移研究领域的一个重要议题,那就是乳腺癌细胞是否必需经历上皮-间质转化(EMT)阶段才能开始扩散。在EMT中,已经完成分化的上皮组织细胞发生去分化,转化成具有干细胞性质的类间充质细胞,后者的性质之一就是从锚定位点脱离,自由迁移到潜在的新扩散位点。


▲EMT发生过程(图片来源:《The Journal of Clinical Investigation》)

早期工作表明,EMT与癌症转移有关。随后的研究显示,个体的癌细胞不必经历EMT阶段就可能发生扩散。然而,这一项新研究表明,尽管单个细胞可能不必直接自动发生EMT,但是这些非EMT癌细胞可能必须从已经经过EMT的癌细胞接收信号才会经历EMT,然后开始扩散。这一过程被作者们称为,“EMT与非EMT细胞之间促进扩散的对话”(crosstalk between EMT and non-EMT cells that promotes dissemination)。

这一研究还指出了允许锚定状态癌细胞开始扩散的信号通路中的重要瓶颈,即EMT细胞通过激活其邻近非EMT癌细胞中的转录因子GLI来促使其扩撒。当向人乳腺癌PDX小鼠施用GLI1/2抑制剂GANT61后,非EMT癌细胞的扩散便会显着减少。


▲GANT61分子结构(图片来源:sigmaaldrich)

“肿瘤并不是铁板一块,而是有着异质性,许多癌细胞以不同的方式活动。我们发现,在乳腺癌肿瘤内,已经历EMT的细胞更具侵袭性和类似于干细胞,并会分泌特定信号分子影响周围细胞,使后者能够经过扩散的各个步骤并转移到新的位置。我们的工作表明,除了已经经历EMT的这些细胞之外,其附近的癌细胞在它们的影响下也会发生扩散,”文章通讯作者Heide L. Ford教授说道。

在之前的工作中,Twist1、Snail1和Six1等转录因子被发现会影响EMT的过程,一些癌细胞自己能够上调这些转录因子,从而提高EMT的发生率。在实验中,作者们将表达这些转录因子的EMT乳腺癌细胞加入到了不表达上述因子的乳腺癌上皮细胞培养物。


▲文章通讯作者Heide L. Ford教授(图片来源:科罗拉多大学)

“外来加入的表达Snail1或Twist1的细胞,通过其下游的Six1,增加了原本位置固定的乳腺癌上皮细胞迁移和侵袭的倾向。重要的是,即使添加了EMT细胞在其中生长过但没有细胞本身的培养物,也会使乳腺癌上皮细胞更具侵袭性,”Heide L. Ford教授说道:“EMT细胞本身并不会让乳腺癌上皮细胞具有侵袭性特征,而是通过EMT细胞产生的分泌因子。这些EMT细胞明显是组织中上述分泌因子的可能来源。”

研究证明,这些分泌因子激活了乳腺癌上皮细胞中的hedgehog信号通路,后者对增加上皮细胞的侵袭性至关重要。那么,人们可以在这一信号链中的哪一点介入,以防止癌细胞EMT的“传染”呢?

要回答这一问题,就必需从hedgehog信号通路说起,它在许多类型癌症的发生中都十分重要。然而,hedgehog蛋白的抑制剂在临床试验中大部分不成功。在这一研究中,我们更好地了解了其他转录因子与hedgehog通路的相互作用从而促进EMT的发生和癌细胞扩散的机制。虽然,Six1可促进EMT癌细胞分泌hedgehog蛋白,以激活周围非EMT癌细胞中的hedgehog信号通路,但是研究者们发现,这一激活也能以不依赖于hedgehog蛋白的方式进行。因此,我们现在或许能对这个问题给出答案。


▲hedgehog信号通路可由不同方式激活(图片来源:《Nature Communications》)

“导致EMT癌细胞分泌的条件在不同环境中可能多种多样,但它们最终都需通过转录因子Gli,是Gli介导了hedgehog信号通路以发挥作用,”Heide L. Ford教授说道:“你当然可以在任何节点打断这一信号链,但我们的研究显示,从最上游的节点打断信号链可能没有太大作用。EMT癌细胞仍然可以通过其他途径,来激活上皮细胞中的Gli。然而,由于所有这些途径最终都需通过Gli,因此通路下游节点的抑制剂可能会有效治疗乳腺癌的转移。”

这一结果也表明,hedgehog蛋白抑制剂之所以功效缺乏,可能正是由于hedgehog信号通路可通过不同的途径而被激活,因此靶向任何单个激活机制可能并不起作用,尤其是当处于高度异质性的癌细胞群体中时。然而,在所有这些激活途径的下游,hedgehog信号通路最终取决于Gli转录因子来发挥作用。因此,Gli转录因子抑制剂可能有助于阻止发生EMT转化,从而降低乳腺癌的转移风险。

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    2017-07-29 liye789132251
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    2017-07-17 liuli5079
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    2017-06-21 yxch36
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    2017-06-19 FrankL

    有意思。

    0

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