Nature:Ras蛋白研究复兴,寻找癌症治疗新靶标

2015-04-23 中国科学报 中国科学报

经过30年的追寻,科学家试图发明可以治疗致命致癌蛋白家族——Ras蛋白——的药物研究失败了。现在,他们希望通过另外一种全新的方法实现这一目标。 当Stephen Fesik离开制药行业并筹建理论药物发现实验室时,他草拟了一份“通缉单”:上面列着迄今为止科学上已知的5种最重要的致癌蛋白。这些蛋白可以促进肿瘤生长,但是对于药物研发人员来说:它们却因为太光滑、太懒惰或是太烦琐,而难以与药物

经过30年的追寻,科学家试图发明可以治疗致命致癌蛋白家族——Ras蛋白——的药物研究失败了。现在,他们希望通过另外一种全新的方法实现这一目标。

当Stephen Fesik离开制药行业并筹建理论药物发现实验室时,他草拟了一份“通缉单”:上面列着迄今为止科学上已知的5种最重要的致癌蛋白。这些蛋白可以促进肿瘤生长,但是对于药物研发人员来说:它们却因为太光滑、太懒惰或是太烦琐,而难以与药物结合或被抑制。

Fesik添加到他名单中的首个“通缉犯”就是一个叫作Ras的蛋白质家族。在过去30多年的时间里,科学家们已经认识到,Ras编码蛋白的基因突变是最有力的癌症驱动因素之一。Ras基因突变在一些最具挑战性以及最致命的癌症中均有发现,包括25%的肺癌肿瘤以及90%的胰腺癌肿瘤。在一些晚期癌症中,与该基因未发生突变的肿瘤相比,发生Ras蛋白基因突变的肿瘤经常与更早死亡联系在一起。

然而,数十年的研究至今却仍未研发出一种可以安全阻止Ras蛋白活性的药物。过去的失败使许多研究人员离开了该领域,同时迫使制药公司放弃了研究计划。但是美国田纳西州范德堡大学的Fesik实验室和其他一些团队却针对该蛋白重新制定了全新的研究计划。如今,他们配备了升级版的技术手段,同时对Ras蛋白的工作机制也有着更好的了解。去年,美国国家癌症研究院启动了“Ras计划”,每年斥资1000万美元寻找治疗Ras蛋白避免癌症恶化的新方法。目前,研究人员已经研发出一种化合物,对其稍作调整即可生成最终靶向Ras蛋白的首个药物。

科学家很清楚,在走向成功之前,他们仍然需要跨过许多障碍物。“应该把目光聚焦在Ras蛋白上。”加利福尼亚州拉荷亚市源泉生物科学公司总裁Troy Wilson说,该公司2012年启动了Ras相关研究。“其价值不应该被低估。在癌症中,它还是一种最重要的致癌基因。”

提倡Ras研究复兴的科学家表示,任何成功的标志都可以为如何靶向其他重要蛋白提供经验借鉴,尤其是那些认为不可能生产出药物的蛋白。不能因为人们认为Ras蛋白很难靶中,科学家因此就放弃研究,北卡罗来纳州立大学癌症专家Channing Der说:“这些教条观点也可以成为靶向目标。”

高高悬起的果实

1982年,Der带领的研究团队是发现人类Ras编码蛋白基因突变会导致癌症的首个科学小组之一。这些发现成为在人类基因组中寻找致癌基因的标志之一。此前该致癌基因仅在病毒和动物模型中有过描述。

这项发现为现代癌症研究打下了基础,研究强调跟踪基因突变,同时绘制出发生改变的分子通道。它还有助于发现可以靶向致癌基因或是治疗癌症的药物。

随后一年的研究充满了各种发现。研究越来越清楚地表明,人类会产生3种高度相似的Ras蛋白,当细胞需要增殖(例如替换损坏的组织)时,这些蛋白就会被激活。细胞外的信号会把Ras蛋白的开关调节到“打开”的位置,随后该蛋白会与一种叫作GTP的分子结合。而发生突变的Ras致癌蛋白却拥有一个有缺陷的“关闭”键,不能正常处理GTP。因此,寻找可以干扰GTP结合以阻止Ras基因突变是符合逻辑的。

然而,随着对Ras生物化学特性的了解逐渐增多,一些悲观情绪却开始滋长。研究发现,该蛋白家族对GTP的亲和性格外高,找到另一种可以阻止GTP通路的化合物似乎不可能。而且,Ras蛋白还会通过与其他蛋白互动来发挥作用,而可以进入细胞内部的小分子药物经常由于个头过小而不能隔离更广阔的表面接触面积——即蛋白—蛋白互动中经常涉及的表面。(抗体可以制成非常有效的药物,同时也可以给大面积的靶向目标“戴上面具”,但是它们中绝大多数却难以渗入细胞膜内。)

Ras蛋白结构也表现出许多让科学家犯愁的特点。药物开发专家经常会仔细观察一种蛋白的形状,以此推测发现可以结合两个关键位点的化合物的可能性。他们喜欢看到拥有“深口袋”的蛋白分子,这样药物可以进入其中,并把多个接触点相结合。然而,Ras蛋白相对却非常平滑。

希望原是“海市蜃楼”

20年前,研究人员认为,他们已经解决了Ras蛋白的相关问题。为了发挥作用,Ras蛋白需要通过脂肪酸尾巴“抓紧”细胞膜内壁。脂肪酸尾巴添加自法尼基转移酶——更加经得起靶向Ras蛋白的药物检验的一种酶。因此,这种想法是通过找到可以限制法尼基转移酶的药物来阻止Ras蛋白的活性。

起初,这看起来似乎是一种可以制胜的策略。法尼基转移酶抑制因子可以在小鼠和人类癌症细胞中阻止细胞增殖。21世纪初期,至少有6家制药公司竞相把这种药物引入市场。很多公司为此放弃了其他的Ras相关研究,因为它们认为,Ras的问题已得到解决,德国马普学会分子生理学研究所化学家Herbert Waldmann说:“整个研究界终于松了一口气,然后等待着药物研发结果。”

然而,这次等待却以药物研发史上最大的一次失望告终。研发的药物一个接一个在临床实验中失败。当时仍在研究Ras的Der表示,这件事给他和其他科研人员上了关于Ras生物学的重要一课。



这3种人体中存在的Ras在结构和氨基酸序列方面非常相近。研究人员推测,它们的功能也大致相同。大多数用来研究Ras蛋白的手段——细胞培养、转基因小鼠以及抗体——利用的都是H-Ras,该蛋白比其他两种蛋白结构更容易操作。“所有人,包括我自己在内,都认为既然我们可以了解H-Ras的一切,为什么还要劳神费力地去研究另外两种蛋白呢?”Der说,“不走运的是,大量资金也因此被抛向这种错误理念。”

为了保持这两种细胞持续工作,细胞会发生权变(即应激变化)。在脂肪酸尾巴缺位的时候,另外一种酶会附加到另一种不同的脂肪酸尾巴上,使实验药物失去效用。

此次事件使Ras领域的研究人员一时陷入挫败,后来也确实花费了较长时间才有一些研究人员愿意再回头看一眼Ras蛋白。大约10年之后,相关领域的研究人员又开始重整旗鼓,从头再来。“好像突然之间,人们四处奔走相告说,‘嗨,这仍然是致癌基因领域的一个重要目标。10年来还没有人在这一领域作出任何成绩,让我们来作出一些成绩吧!”Waldmann说。这一次,研究人员采用了一种全新的方法,即寻找Ras引发的肿瘤弱点。

其中的一个弱点就是“合成杀伤力”。当Ras蛋白处于过度开启状态时,癌细胞经常来自其他分子通道。阻断这里的其他分子通道可能不会影响健康细胞,但是却可以杀死Ras驱动的肿瘤细胞。然而,去年10月,瑞士制药公司诺华全球肿瘤首席科学家William Sellers却表示,他与团队没能重复Ras合成杀伤力的实验。“我怀疑,这并非最适宜的目标。”他说。

给Ras蛋白“量体裁衣”

由于头脑中有了“合成杀伤力”方法的最新失败案例,一些科研人员开始把目标对准Ras本身。“我们决定必须直接面对Ras。”纽约州哥伦比亚大学化学生物学家Brent Stockwell说。

同时,过去5年来,在计算机建模、筛查药物化合物等方面的技术进步也为针对Ras蛋白表面光滑性的问题提供了新的希望,打开了Ras蛋白的核心地带,Stockwell说。比如,研究人员现在可以更好地预测小分子对蛋白的亲和性,同时可以对蛋白动态有更好的了解。

Stockwell的研究团队正在把这些优势转向实用,通过“量体裁衣”,设计出完全符合Ras蛋白表面的小分子——首先是在电脑模拟中,随后是在实验室中。“对于这些蛋白,可能全世界任何地方仍然不能找到解决方法。”Stockwell说,“但这件事需要有人做。”

其他人也在密切跟踪K-Ras基因突变。尽管该基因有许多与不同癌症相关联的编码突变,但仅有3种主要由Ras导致的癌症。每种Ras突变都会产生一种活动行为存在些许差异的酶,Der说。“由于这些酶具有不同的特点,如果我们开始思考不同的突变,这些不同的特性可能有助于我们找到该蛋白特殊的弱点。”他说。

Stockwell说,他希望近来Ras蛋白研究的复兴可以激励科学家找到其他可跟踪的靶标,“如果一个地方出现成功,这种成功或许会延伸至其他靶标。”他说,“如果我们想要真正地作出治疗疾病的成果,医学上仍然有广泛的靶标尚未被触及。”

原始出处:

Heidi Ledford.Cancer: The Ras renaissance. Nature, April 15, 2015.

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (8)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880609, encodeId=9efa188060905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Jul 15 20:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59849, encodeId=ff185984950, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59850, encodeId=65c459850a9, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844164, encodeId=3f10184416474, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Fri Jul 03 16:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1352736, encodeId=49791352e360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=827d9996311' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#靶标#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99963, encryptionId=827d9996311, topicName=靶标)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sat Apr 25 05:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21804, encodeId=972f21804d1, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8d891622183, createdName=jiaotangtang, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 20:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21784, encodeId=fff521e84b3, content=有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21785, encodeId=c40c21e856f, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-15 liye789132251
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880609, encodeId=9efa188060905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Jul 15 20:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59849, encodeId=ff185984950, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59850, encodeId=65c459850a9, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844164, encodeId=3f10184416474, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Fri Jul 03 16:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1352736, encodeId=49791352e360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=827d9996311' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#靶标#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99963, encryptionId=827d9996311, topicName=靶标)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sat Apr 25 05:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21804, encodeId=972f21804d1, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8d891622183, createdName=jiaotangtang, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 20:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21784, encodeId=fff521e84b3, content=有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21785, encodeId=c40c21e856f, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-26 doctording1

    这篇文章有一定深度

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880609, encodeId=9efa188060905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Jul 15 20:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59849, encodeId=ff185984950, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59850, encodeId=65c459850a9, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844164, encodeId=3f10184416474, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Fri Jul 03 16:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1352736, encodeId=49791352e360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=827d9996311' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#靶标#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99963, encryptionId=827d9996311, topicName=靶标)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sat Apr 25 05:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21804, encodeId=972f21804d1, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8d891622183, createdName=jiaotangtang, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 20:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21784, encodeId=fff521e84b3, content=有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21785, encodeId=c40c21e856f, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-26 doctording1

    是一篇不错的文章

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880609, encodeId=9efa188060905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Jul 15 20:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59849, encodeId=ff185984950, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59850, encodeId=65c459850a9, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844164, encodeId=3f10184416474, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Fri Jul 03 16:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1352736, encodeId=49791352e360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=827d9996311' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#靶标#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99963, encryptionId=827d9996311, topicName=靶标)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sat Apr 25 05:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21804, encodeId=972f21804d1, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8d891622183, createdName=jiaotangtang, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 20:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21784, encodeId=fff521e84b3, content=有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21785, encodeId=c40c21e856f, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880609, encodeId=9efa188060905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Jul 15 20:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59849, encodeId=ff185984950, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59850, encodeId=65c459850a9, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844164, encodeId=3f10184416474, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Fri Jul 03 16:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1352736, encodeId=49791352e360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=827d9996311' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#靶标#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99963, encryptionId=827d9996311, topicName=靶标)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sat Apr 25 05:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21804, encodeId=972f21804d1, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8d891622183, createdName=jiaotangtang, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 20:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21784, encodeId=fff521e84b3, content=有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21785, encodeId=c40c21e856f, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-25 zhaojie88
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880609, encodeId=9efa188060905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Jul 15 20:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59849, encodeId=ff185984950, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59850, encodeId=65c459850a9, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844164, encodeId=3f10184416474, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Fri Jul 03 16:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1352736, encodeId=49791352e360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=827d9996311' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#靶标#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99963, encryptionId=827d9996311, topicName=靶标)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sat Apr 25 05:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21804, encodeId=972f21804d1, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8d891622183, createdName=jiaotangtang, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 20:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21784, encodeId=fff521e84b3, content=有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21785, encodeId=c40c21e856f, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-23 jiaotangtang

    有用

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880609, encodeId=9efa188060905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Jul 15 20:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59849, encodeId=ff185984950, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59850, encodeId=65c459850a9, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844164, encodeId=3f10184416474, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Fri Jul 03 16:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1352736, encodeId=49791352e360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=827d9996311' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#靶标#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99963, encryptionId=827d9996311, topicName=靶标)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sat Apr 25 05:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21804, encodeId=972f21804d1, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8d891622183, createdName=jiaotangtang, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 20:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21784, encodeId=fff521e84b3, content=有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21785, encodeId=c40c21e856f, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-23 cspcsp

    有趣

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880609, encodeId=9efa188060905, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Jul 15 20:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59849, encodeId=ff185984950, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59850, encodeId=65c459850a9, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 17:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844164, encodeId=3f10184416474, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Fri Jul 03 16:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1352736, encodeId=49791352e360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=827d9996311' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#靶标#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99963, encryptionId=827d9996311, topicName=靶标)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sat Apr 25 05:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21804, encodeId=972f21804d1, content=有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=149, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8d891622183, createdName=jiaotangtang, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 20:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21784, encodeId=fff521e84b3, content=有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21785, encodeId=c40c21e856f, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=cspcsp, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 17:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-23 cspcsp

    实用

    0

相关资讯

超级计算机模拟Ras蛋白在细胞膜表面的形态

蛋白的编码基因在20世纪60年代被发现,并且是第一个发现的与人类癌症相关的基因。现在发现,超过1/3的癌症与这个蛋白的突变相关。Ras蛋白介导一系列的细胞信号转导,并最终导致细胞的无限扩增。Ras蛋白会在细胞表面形成小的聚集簇,但这个过程的原因及发生过程并不清楚。如果能够对Ras蛋白形成的聚集簇及其相互作用的蛋白有更深入的了解,则可能使得我们对癌症有进一步了解。 研究人员利用德州高级计算中心