Science:利用CRISPR/Cas系统开发出分子记录设备

2016-06-13 佚名 生物谷

在一项新的研究中,来自美国哈佛大学的研究人员利用细菌的CRISPR/Cas适应性免疫系统,开发出一种方法永久性记录活细胞中的分子事件。 以色列特拉维夫大学微生物学家Udi Qimron(未也参与这项研究)说,“这项研究的重要性在于提供概念验证:一种吸引人的细菌免疫系统可能被用作为一种具有令人印象深刻的记录容量的工具。”相关研究结果于2016年6月9日在线发表在Science期刊上,论文

在一项新的研究中,来自美国哈佛大学的研究人员利用细菌的CRISPR/Cas适应性免疫系统,开发出一种方法永久性记录活细胞中的分子事件。

以色列特拉维夫大学微生物学家Udi Qimron(未也参与这项研究)说,“这项研究的重要性在于提供概念验证:一种吸引人的细菌免疫系统可能被用作为一种具有令人印象深刻的记录容量的工具。”相关研究结果于2016年6月9日在线发表在Science期刊上,论文标题为“Molecular recordings by directed CRISPR spacer acquisition”。

这种CRISPR/Cas系统的工作机制是从感染细菌的病毒基因组中剪断出短DNA序列,将这些短DNA序列整合到细菌的基因组(在CRISPR位点)中,然后利用来自这些整合的序列产生的RNA指导对入侵病毒的破坏。从本质上说,细菌在它的基因组中持有它的病毒敌人的DNA片段,并利用它对付这些病毒。

这些病毒DNA序列---或者说寡聚物---整合进细菌的CRISPR位点中并不是随机的:这些序列组成一个队列,最新整合进的病毒DNA序列一致性地整合在这个队列中较早整合进的病毒DNA序列的前面。来自哈佛大学的George Church和同事们认为这种整合的时间排序可能成为开发一种分子记录设备的基础。他们认为,如果人工合成DNA寡聚物也能够与病毒DNA序列那样整合进CRISPR位点中,那么对细胞的CRISPR位点进行测序将能够记录细胞接触到哪些寡聚物和何时接触到。

为了测试这一想法,研究人员利用含有CRISPR DNA位点和精简的Cas蛋白复合体版本的大肠杆菌菌株开展实验。这种最小的Cas蛋白复合体由Cas1和Cas2---将DNA寡聚物整合到宿主细胞基因组中所必需的---的可诱导版本组成,但缺乏破坏病毒所需的所有组分。研究人员发现通过以一种时间排序的方式将特定的人工合成DNA序列引入到这些细胞中(比如,在不同的日子里,导入不同的人工合成DNA寡聚物),在CRISPR位点上所产生的序列确实准确地反应这些DNA寡聚物的引入顺序。

美国加州大学伯克利分校生物工程师Adam Arkin(未参与这项研究)说,“它是首次证实有顺序地获取故意引入的DNA序列。”

利用定向进化(directed evolution),研究人员继续构建出新的Cas1和Cas2版本:相比于它们的野生型蛋白,它们能够以一种略微不同但可以辨别出的方式整合DNA寡聚物(依然按照时间顺序整入)。让这些经过基因修饰的酶Cas1和Cas2受到不同诱导物的控制能够允许研究人员以两种不同的方式---依赖于哪种Cas1和Cas2版本在运作---记录DNA事件。

Church,“本质上,我们是在测量核酸浓度。理想地,它应是mRNA,但是在这项研究中,它是DNA. . . .它是开展其他事情的一种概念验证。”

Church指出,比如,如果在细胞或动物中,CRISPR/Cas系统能够与一种逆转录酶---一种将RNA转化为DNA的酶---结合在一起,那么它可能被用来记录哪些mRNA表达和何时表达。

Arkin指出,另一种可能的应用就是使用CRISPR/Cas工程菌,提供存在于环境(比如,土壤,人肠道,或者其他)中其他微生物的信息。

Arkin说,“[这种CRISPR/Cas工程菌]能够杀死附近的细菌,分泌切割它们DNA的酶,表达一种CRISPR/Cas系统,获得它们的DNA片段。它听起来有些疯狂,但是细菌天生地就能够做到这一点。”他解释道,这些外源的细菌DNA片段然后被整合和记录到这种CRISPR/Cas工程菌的CRISPR位点中。

尽管迄今为止,这些应用的可能性还比较遥远,但是Arkin说,“在概念上,这就好比在地上插上旗帜,说道,‘这里就是我们应当向前发展的地方’。”

原始出处

Seth L. Shipman1,2,3,*, Jeff Nivala1,3,*, Jeffrey D. Macklis2, George M. Church.Molecular recordings by directed CRISPR spacer acquisition.Science.2016.

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