Genet & Epige:表观遗传机制如何调节多种有机体的生命机能

2016-08-08 佚名 生物谷

几十亿年前,当单细胞生物出现后,自然界就开始了它的实验,即在不改变DNA序列的情况下如何使得基因功能变得多样化,DNA蓝图依然处于保守状态,但其却可以使基因产物具有不同的功能,随着多细胞有机体进化产生,使得基因多样性的过程就由表观遗传学机制来完成并且维持了,表观遗传学可以通过向DNA添加化学标记或者向围绕DNA的蛋白添加标记来使得基因具有不同的功能,近来有研究表明,在高度发育的真核生物中,帮助

几十亿年前,当单细胞生物出现后,自然界就开始了它的实验,即在不改变DNA序列的情况下如何使得基因功能变得多样化,DNA蓝图依然处于保守状态,但其却可以使基因产物具有不同的功能,随着多细胞有机体进化产生,使得基因多样性的过程就由表观遗传学机制来完成并且维持了,表观遗传学可以通过向DNA添加化学标记或者向围绕DNA的蛋白添加标记来使得基因具有不同的功能,近来有研究表明,在高度发育的真核生物中,帮助DNA折叠的蛋白质的这种特殊修饰可以调节吸附到DNA上的化学标记的水平。

近日,一项刊登于国际杂志Genetics and Epigenetics上的研究报告中,来自波士顿大学医学院的研究人员通过研究对原核生物(细菌)、简单的真核生物(多细胞生物)以及高度复杂的原核生物(人类)的表观遗传学机制的进化进行了一项比较分析,细菌在数十亿年前就开始进化了,在早期阶段,自然界就开始了在不改变细菌细胞DNA组织顺序的前提下来使其DNA发挥不同的功能,而这就是通过给DNA亚基上添加化学标记来实现的,这种进行吸附的原子基团根据依据有机体而发生变化,简单的修饰对于细菌存活非常重要,而且也可以帮助细菌抵御感染,尽管随着原核生物不断进化,这种表观遗传标记的吸附位点会转移到DNA的不同亚基上,同时病毒也会利用这种标记过程来不断改变,比如引发AIDS的HIV病毒,其就可以从折叠DNA的蛋白上移除特殊的“标记”来躲避机体免疫系统的攻击。

研究者Sibaji Sarkar表示,我们非常感兴趣去观察并研究自然界如何在细菌到哺乳动物机体中来转移这些标记的位点,如果我们可以深入观察到一些原核生物(比如斑马鱼)机体的再生过程,当斑马鱼机体一部分被切掉,其机体中的特殊基因就会提供必要的愈合过程来再生缺失的部分,因此通过研究上述过程研究者或许就可以更加深入地理解干细胞如何转化成为组成多种类型器官的组织细胞,很显然,表观遗传学机制就可以调节该过程。

当哺乳动物繁殖时,其所遗传的DNA序列并不会改变,但从精卵结合开始,每一步都根据一定的规则来进行直到胚胎的组织和器官开始分化产生,在这一过程中不同的基因往往被用作不同的发育过程;比如卵细胞上的化学标记就会在受精后被擦除,随后被重写,重写该过程的蛋白质仍然是由母体卵细胞中折叠DNA的相同蛋白质来完成的,因此研究者认为,母体折叠蛋白的特性或许就可以指挥后代DNA中所发生的化学标记(表观遗传修饰),我们都知道添加标记的表观遗传改变是通过环境因子来调节的,而研究者指出,环境因子和母亲的生活方式都会影响后代DNA的化学标记过程,而这将控制后代机体基因被控制的机制,更有意思的是,发生在整个生命过程阶段的表观遗传改变依赖于个人的生活方式。

文章中研究者描述了,表观遗传的改变或许会引发一系列的疾病,包括代谢综合征、心血管疾病、自身免疫疾病、神经性障碍、老化及死亡等。同时文章作者提出了另外一种假设,而这或许就可以解释癌细胞如何增加促肿瘤基因的拷贝数量,以及其如何减少或剔除抑制肿瘤的基因的数量,研究者Sarkar补充道,癌细胞很有可能拦截了正常细胞中的特殊机制,而这种机制可以帮助阐明如何通过在标记尾部切断DNA并且对其修复来使得甲基化的DNA实现脱标记。

“加标记”的表观遗传过程可以被多种有机体(从细菌到人类)利用,而这其中所涉及的机制对于深入理解细胞的正常功能以及一些违背正常行为的过程如何引发疾病也提供了新的研究线索和希望,后期研究者将继续深入对此进行研究。

原始出处

Sibaji Sarkar, Amber Willbanks, Molly Greenshields, Camila Tyminski, Sarah Heerboth, Karolina Lapinska, Kathryn Haskins, Meghan Leary.The Evolution of Epigenetics: From Prokaryotes to Humans and Its Biological Consequences.Genet & Epige.2016

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    2017-04-14 canlab
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    2017-03-11 cy0324
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    2016-08-10 zhenjiu124
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