髓母细胞瘤手术

2016-03-14 顾建文 神经外科专家-顾建文教授的博客

髓母细胞瘤(medulloblastoma)是小儿较常见的颅内肿瘤,发病率较高,Koos等报告占15%~20%,Rubinstein指出占25%。男性多于女性。Cuneo报告190例中男性占65.3%,本组共370例,占儿童颅内肿瘤的18.5%。其中男性占61.9%。发病率的高峰为6~8岁。 肿瘤位于小脑蚓部者约占80%,多数突向第四脑室,年龄较大组(13岁~15岁)少数位于小脑


髓母细胞瘤(medulloblastoma)是小儿较常见的颅内肿瘤,发病率较高,Koos等报告占15%~20%,Rubinstein指出占25%。男性多于女性。Cuneo报告190例中男性占65.3%,本组共370例,占儿童颅内肿瘤的18.5%。其中男性占61.9%。发病率的高峰为6~8岁。

肿瘤位于小脑蚓部者约占80%,多数突向第四脑室,年龄较大组(13岁~15岁)少数位于小脑半球,有人解释髓母细胞瘤来源于髓帆之增殖中心,而大龄者可由来源于小脑的外颗粒层细胞残余所致。有的病例可经枕骨大孔发展到上颈髓椎管(即枕大孔区肿瘤之\脑内下降型)。肿瘤高度恶性,常有瘤细胞脱落沿脑脊液播散,可种植到马尾、脊髓或大脑表面、脑室等,有人统计发生中枢神经系统(脑和脊髓)转移者占12%~46%。 

【诊断】学龄前或学龄期儿童,尤其是男孩,出现头痛及呕吐,继之走路不稳,首先应考虑髓母细胞瘤的可能性。部分病儿在脑脊液中可查到肿瘤脱落细胞更可确诊。 

【辅助检查】①颅骨X线平片:主要表现为颅缝分离和指压迹增加,肿瘤极少有钙化。②脑室造影:侧脑室对称扩大,第三脑室扩大,导水管向前屈折或导水管下部呈喇叭口样扩张。③CT.:可见小脑蚓部或第四脑室有稍高密度或等密度影,注药后可均匀增强,有的中心可有散在低密度区(即混杂密度),CT检查不仅能定位,甚至可作定性时的参考。 

【治疗】主要是手术加放疗。手术行后颅凹正中开颅,肉眼下将肿瘤全切除或近全切除,使梗阻的第四脑室恢复通畅。术后放疗是十分重要的措施,通常要在瘤床、全脑及脊髓进行照射,对治愈或延长生存期有很大帮助。 

【预后】早年髓母细胞瘤预后极差,近十余年来随着术后充分的放疗,使其生存期已大大延长,Berry报告5年生存率为56%,10年生存率为43%。


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    2016-05-30 lsblb

    值得学习

    0

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    2016-03-20 milkshark

    好文章

    0

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