6分钟步行距离的增减与机体功能改善/减退有何关系?

2021-08-25 知行肺康复 知行肺康复

6分钟步行试验( 6MWT )是最常见的亚极量运动试验之一,有2方面的作用,一是主要以6MWD绝对值或者绝对值占预计值百分判断心肺功能情况;二是通过前后的6MWD 变化来判断功能改善/恶化。

6分钟步行试验( 6MWT )是最常见的亚极量运动试验之一,由 Bakle在20世纪60年代开发用于体适能的评估,通过测量在规定时间内行走的距离来评估机体功能状态及储量。6MWT结果有2方面的作用,一是主要以6MWD绝对值或者绝对值占预计值百分判断心肺功能情况;二是通过前后的6MWD 变化来判断功能改善/恶化。

一、6MWD 绝对值或者绝对值占预计值百分比

6MWD预计值的影响因素较多,目前尚无统一意见。尽管有许多因素影响6MWD,但步行距离的绝对值提供了有用的信息。比如在COPD患者中,6MWD用于计算BODE指数,该指数定义了该疾病的预后。用于功能损害严重程度分层的6MWD的阈值为350m、250m和150m。在COPD患者中,绝对6MWD是死亡率的一个重要预测因子,距离超过400米的患者的死亡风险最低。早期对符合肺切除条件的患者进行的研究报告了300m和450m−500m的临界值用于预测术后并发症。对于6MWD的预测,老年患者6分钟步行试验临床应用中国专家共识建议采用:
男性:6MWD(m)=233.205+[4.31×身高(cm)]-(4.01× 年龄+ 6.14× BMI);

女性: 6MWD(m)=285.011+[1.041× 身高(cm)] - (0.678× 年龄+2.189×BMI)。

此外,国外的一些研究中也给出了6MWD预测值的计算方式(见下图)。

 · 1.1、6MWD在肺动脉高压(PAH)患者中应用 · 

在特发性肺动脉高压患者中,预测生存率的6MWD临界值为332m。据美国心脏病学院的专家称,6MWD增加到≥380−440M应该是特发性肺动脉高压治疗的目标之一。

 · 1.2、6MWD在心力衰竭(HF)患者中的应用· 

中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南(2018版)推荐 6MWD用于心力衰竭患者运动耐力评估及程度分级,6MWD<150m为重度、150~450m为中度、 >450m为轻度。与6MWD>300m患者相比,6MWD<300m患者的死亡率显著较高(10%对3%)。6MWD<300m、300~450m和>450m患者的死亡风险也存在显著差异。

 · 1.3、6MWD在特发性纤维化(IPF)患者中的应用· 

 (Lederer DJ, 2006)等人表明,在IPF患者中,6MWD<207m相对于6MWD>207m的患者死亡率高4倍。另一项研究表明,6MWD的临界值为350m,该临界值定义了IPF患者的功能损害,并对死亡率风险有显著影响。

 · 1.4、6MWD老年患者中的应用 · 

在老年患者6分钟步行试验临床应用中国专家共识(2020版)中。针对老年人群的6MWT心肺功能或运动耐力评价,建议6MWD<150m为重度异常,150 ~300m为中度异常,301~450m为轻度异常, >450m为正常。

 · 1.5、绝对值占预计值百分比· 

(Troosters T, 1999)研究中提出,低于预测值82%的6MWD应视为异常。剩余标准偏差公式如下。SR=(实际值-预测值)/RSD

二、提示功能改善/恶化相关6MWD变化值

在分析医疗干预的影响时应考虑用最小临床重要差异值 (MCID)描述6MWD ,最小显著改变,即治疗前后2次6MWD最小变化,代表了患者功能改善/恶化。(Redelmeier DA, 1997)的研究中回顾了77篇文章,提供了248项关于COPD患者的不同研究的结果,采用了前后6分钟步行距离差异为54米这个阈值。在另一个在ECLIPSE研究中(Polkey MI, 2013),12个月内6MWD减少>30m与较高的死亡率风险相关(危险比1.93)

 · 2.1、 慢性肺病的MCID· 

一项ERS/ATS系统综述(Singh SJ, 2014)显示患有慢性呼吸系统疾病的成人6MWD的MCID在 25~33m(1~10天重复试验)。

 · 2.2、心力衰竭患者的MCID· 

在老年心力衰竭患者中,报告的MCID24−48m,取决于自我报告的功能性能变化(轻微改善-显著恶化)。

 · 2.3、特发性肺纤维化患者的MCID· 

特发性肺纤维化患者的MID为24−45m,并且在24周内6MWD减少>50m是一个消极的预后因素,相较于减少幅度小于50m的患者会有高出四倍的高死亡率。

 · 2.4、肺动脉高压患者的MCID · 

在一项使用西地那非治疗肺动脉高压12周的研究中(Gilbert C, 2009),以6MWD步行距离最小变化作为疗效指标之一,结果显示6MWD的平均MID为41m。

 · 总结 · 

6MWT是心肺患者运动耐受性的可靠、有效和有效的测量方法, 最小临床重要差异值(MCID)的确定可能因研究方法的不同、疾病类别和严重性以及患者人群的其他特征而存在一定差异。未来需要使用多变量分析来评估6WMT距离变化对提示功能改善/恶化以及预后准确性的影响。

 · 参考文献· 

[1]Singh SJ, Puhan MA, Andrianopoulos V, et al. An official systematic review of the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society: measurement properties of field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(6):1447-1478. doi:10.1183/09031936.00150414

[2]老年患者6分钟步行试验临床应用中国专家共识[J].中华老年医学杂志, 2020,39(11): 1241-1250.

[3]中国肺动脉高压诊断与治疗指南(2021版)[J].中华医学杂志,2021,101(01):11-51.

[4]Przybyłowski T, Tomalak W, Siergiejko Z, et al. Polish Respiratory Society guidelines for the methodology and interpretation of the 6 minute walk test (6MWT). Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2015;83(4):283-297. doi:10.5603/PiAP. 2015. 

[5]du Bois RM, Weycker D, Albera C, et al. Six-minute-walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: test validation and minimal clinically important difference. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(9):1231-1237. doi:10.1164/rccm. 201007- 1179OC

[6]Agarwala P, Salzman SH. Six-Minute Walk Test: Clinical Role, Technique, Coding, and Reimbursement. Chest. 2020;157(3):603-611. doi:10.1016/j. chest.2019.10.014

[7]Gilbert C, Brown MCJ, Cappelleri JC, Carlsson M, McKenna SP. Estimating a minimally important difference in pulmonary arterial hypertension following treatment with sildenafil. Chest. 2009;135(1):137-142. doi:10.1378/ chest.07- 0275

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    2021-08-25 查查佳佳

    狂*过滤

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1654855, encodeId=20d61654855b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4eb6632899b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#步行#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63289, encryptionId=4eb6632899b, topicName=步行)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6a5524567114, createdName=yuanming15, createdTime=Sun Jan 16 01:14:01 CST 2022, time=2022-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1011498, encodeId=452b101149897, content=值得临床试验上验证推广, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=df324723890, createdName=452946589, createdTime=Wed Aug 25 21:39:15 CST 2021, time=2021-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1011325, encodeId=5c7d1011325cc, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fbc45433548, createdName=ms5000001266883663, createdTime=Wed Aug 25 12:40:03 CST 2021, time=2021-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1011285, encodeId=f131101128545, content=狂*过滤, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Wed Aug 25 10:44:44 CST 2021, time=2021-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1011268, encodeId=6fd7101126893, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Wed Aug 25 10:25:27 CST 2021, time=2021-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-08-25 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0