新冠肺炎出院患者如何进行康复训练?国家卫生健康委发布权威方案

2020-03-05 国家卫生健康委医政医管局 国家卫生健康委医政医管局

为进一步做好新冠肺炎出院患者的康复工作,改善患者的呼吸功能、躯体功能、心理功能、日常生活活动能力及社会参与能力,规范康复操作技术及流程。我委印发了《新冠肺炎出院患者康复方案(试行))》(以下简称《康复方案(试行)》)。《康复方案(试行)》明确了出院后患者的康复场所,如指定的康复医疗机构、社区、家庭等。同时,针对新冠肺炎出院患者主要发生的呼吸功能、躯体功能、心理功能、日常生活活动能力及社会参与能

为进一步做好新冠肺炎出院患者的康复工作,改善患者的呼吸功能、躯体功能、心理功能、日常生活活动能力及社会参与能力,规范康复操作技术及流程。我委印发了《新冠肺炎出院患者康复方案(试行))》(以下简称《康复方案(试行)》)。

《康复方案(试行)》明确了出院后患者的康复场所,如指定的康复医疗机构、社区、家庭等。同时,针对新冠肺炎出院患者主要发生的呼吸功能、躯体功能、心理功能、日常生活活动能力及社会参与能力等障碍,提出了有针对性的评估方法和治疗方法。此外,对康复的禁忌证、患者治疗过程中需立即停止的情况、患者合并其他疾病时应注意的情况、高龄患者需注意的问题作出了特别说明,对重症、危重症患者和轻型、普通型患者出院后康复提出区别性要求。

国家卫生健康委办公厅关于印发新冠肺炎出院患者康复方案(试行)的通知

国卫办医函〔2020〕189号

各省、自治区、直辖市及新疆生产建设兵团卫生健康委:

为改善新冠肺炎出院患者的呼吸功能、躯体功能、心理功能、日常生活活动能力及社会参与能力,规范康复操作技术及流程,进一步促进其全程康复,我们组织专家制定了《新冠肺炎出院患者康复方案(试行)》。现印发给你们,请参照执行。

国家卫生健康委办公厅

2020年3月4日

新冠肺炎出院患者康复方案

(试行)

为改善新冠肺炎患者呼吸功能、躯体功能以及心理功能障碍,规范康复的操作技术及流程,特制定本方案。

一、目标

改善新冠肺炎出院患者呼吸困难症状和功能障碍,减少并发症,缓解焦虑抑郁情绪,降低致残率,最大程度恢复日常生活活动能力、提高生活质量。

二、适用人群及场所

(一)人群。新冠肺炎出院患者。

(二)场所。指定的出院后患者康复医疗机构、隔离场所、养老院、社区、家庭。

三、主要内容

(一)需开展康复治疗的功能障碍。

呼吸功能障碍。表现为咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难、活动后气短,可伴有呼吸肌无力及肺功能受损等。

躯体功能障碍。表现为全身乏力、易疲劳、肌肉酸痛,部分可伴有肌肉萎缩、肌力下降等。

心理功能障碍。有恐惧、愤怒、焦虑、抑郁等情绪问题。

日常生活活动能力及社会参与能力障碍。无法独立完成穿脱衣、如厕、洗澡等。无法实现正常的人际交往和无法重返工作岗位。

(二)康复功能评估。

呼吸功能评估。采用呼吸困难指数量表(mMRC)等进行评估,有条件地区或机构建议行肺功能检查。

躯体功能评估。采用Borg自觉疲劳量表、徒手肌力检查等进行评估。

心理功能评估。采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、匹兹堡睡眠问卷等进行评估。

日常生活活动能力评估。采用改良巴氏指数评定表等进行评估。

六分钟步行试验。要求患者在平直走廊里尽可能快的行走,测定六分钟的步行距离,最小折返距离≥30米。

(三)康复治疗方法。

1.呼吸功能训练

主动循环呼吸技术(ACBT):一个循环周期由呼吸控制、胸廓扩张运动和用力呼气技术三个部分组成。呼吸控制阶段指导患者用放松的方法以正常的潮气量进行呼吸,鼓励肩部及上胸部保持放松,下胸部及腹部主动收缩,以膈肌呼吸模式完成呼吸,该阶段持续时间应与患者对放松的需求相适应。胸廓扩张阶段强调吸气,指导患者深吸气到吸气储备量,屏息1-2秒,然后被动而轻松的呼气。用力呼气阶段为穿插呼吸控制及呵气。呵气是一种快速但不用最大努力的呼气,过程中声门应保持开放。利用呵气技巧进行排痰,代替咳嗽降低呼吸肌做功。注意在呵气过程中用口罩遮挡。

呼吸模式训练:包括调整呼吸节奏(吸:呼=1:2)、腹式呼吸训练、缩唇呼吸训练等。

呼吸康复操:根据患者体力情况进行卧位、坐位及站立位的颈屈伸、扩胸、转身、旋腰、侧躯、蹲起、抬腿、开腿、踝泵等系列运动。

2.躯体功能训练

有氧运动:针对患者合并的基础疾病和遗留功能障碍问题制订有氧运动处方。包括踏步、慢走、快走、慢跑、游泳、太极拳、八段锦等运动形式。以运动后第二天不出现疲劳的运动强度为宜,从低强度开始,循序渐进,每次20-30分钟,每周3-5次。对于容易疲劳的患者可采取间歇运动形式进行。餐后1小时后开始。

力量训练:使用沙袋、哑铃、弹力带或瓶装水等进行渐进抗阻训练,每组15-20个动作,每天1-2组,每周3-5天。

3.心理康复干预

设计可产生愉悦效应及转移注意力的作业疗法,达成调整情绪,疏解压力的目的。通过专业心理学培训的护理人员和康复治疗师也可以开展专业的心理咨询,包括正念放松治疗和认知行为治疗。注意慎用让患者重复叙述创伤经历的方法,以免造成重复伤害。如出现精神障碍,建议精神专科介入。

4.日常生活活动能力训练

对患者进行日常生活活动指导。主要是节能技术指导,将穿脱衣、如厕、洗澡等日常生活活动动作分解成小节间歇进行,随着体力恢复再连贯完成,逐步恢复至正常。

四、有关注意事项

(一)禁忌证。如患者出现以下情况之一,不建议开展上述康复治疗。

1.静态心率>100次/分。

2.血压<90/60mmHg、>140/90 mmHg或血压波动超过基线20mmHg,并伴有明显头晕、头痛等不适症状。

3.血氧饱和度≤95%。

4.合并其他不适合运动的疾病。

(二)当患者在治疗过程中出现以下情况,应立即停止上述康复治疗,重新评估并调整治疗方案。

1.出现明显疲劳,休息后不能缓解。

2.出现胸闷、胸痛、呼吸困难、剧烈咳嗽、头晕、头痛、视物不清、心悸、大汗、站立不稳等。

(三)当患者合并有肺动脉高压、充血性心力衰竭、深静脉血栓、不稳定的骨折等疾病则应与专科医生咨询相关注意事项后再开始呼吸康复治疗。

(四)高龄患者常伴有多种基础疾病,体质较差,对康复训练的耐受能力较差,康复治疗前应进行综合评估,康复训练应从小剂量开始,循序渐进,避免出现训练损伤及其他严重并发症。

(五)重型、危重型患者出院后,视当地康复医疗工作实际,可在指定的康复医疗机构、基层医疗卫生机构进行出院后康复。轻型、普通型患者出院后,社区及居家应适当休息、适当运动,尽最大可能恢复体能、体质和免疫能力。

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    2020-03-05 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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    2020-03-05 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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