盘点:近期关于妊娠期相关疾病的研究进展一览

2017-11-27 lishiting MedSci原创

【1】Lancet:免疫疗法可以缓解罕见妊娠癌症妊娠滋养细胞疾病代表一系列与妊娠相关的疾病,从恶变前的葡萄胎到恶性肿瘤,统称为妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤。妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤包括恶性侵袭性葡萄胎,绒毛膜癌和罕见胎盘部位滋养层细胞和上皮样滋养细胞肿瘤。全球范围内,每年大约有18000名妇女被诊断为妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤。0.5-5.0%的女性因多药耐药性而死亡,因此我们需要采取新的治疗手段。抗癌T细胞的活性受多种抑

【1】Lancet:免疫疗法可以缓解罕见妊娠癌症

妊娠滋养细胞疾病代表一系列与妊娠相关的疾病,从恶变前的葡萄胎到恶性肿瘤,统称为妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤。妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤包括恶性侵袭性葡萄胎,绒毛膜癌和罕见胎盘部位滋养层细胞和上皮样滋养细胞肿瘤。

全球范围内,每年大约有18000名妇女被诊断为妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤。0.5-5.0%的女性因多药耐药性而死亡,因此我们需要采取新的治疗手段。抗癌T细胞的活性受多种抑制机制的调节,包括肿瘤表达的程序性细胞死亡配体1(PD-L1)信号传递至T细胞抑制性受体(程序性死亡蛋白1 [PD-1])。阻断这种途径的单克隆抗体,如抗PD-1药物派姆单抗(Pembrolizumab),在几种癌症类型中具有非常好的临床活性.妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤强烈表达PD-L1,表明该配体参与了肿瘤免疫逃避。伦敦皇家学院的研究人员提出了以下假设:针对PD-1抑制信号的派姆单抗可能是有效的抗药性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤疗法。研究人员在4名妊娠期肿瘤患者身上进行了临床试验。4名患者都对治疗耐受性良好,仅出现轻度(1-2级)毒性。

研究表明,派姆单抗展现的疗效和可控的毒性特征使其早期使用成为高剂量化疗的有吸引力的替代品。(原文详见--Lancet:免疫疗法可以缓解罕见妊娠癌症

【2】Toxicol Sci:孕妇CrVI暴露引起胎盘Cr积累与氧化应激,且存在着性别二态性

六价铬(CrVI)被广泛应用于众多行业,六价铬造成的环境污染在美国和发展中国家都是一个日益严重的问题。六价铬的环境暴露对两代人的妊娠结局和随后的健康产生不利影响,导致较高的妊娠损失,自然流产和低出生率。

通过职业环境暴露于六价铬的孕妇会增加自然流产、死胎、早产和新生儿死亡的风险,暴露于CrVI的妇女的孩子呼吸障碍,围产期黄疸和出生缺陷增加。由于胎盘功能障碍可能在这样的不良妊娠结局中起作用,因此研究人员推测孕妇的Cr环境暴露导致Cr在人胎盘中累积,可能通过破坏抗氧化机制和诱导细胞凋亡而增加胎盘氧化应激。

使用冷冻的人胎盘样品进行研究表明,Cr在人类胎盘组织中积累,Cr增加积累与氧化应激和凋亡标志物正相关,并改变抗氧化剂水平。有趣的是,Cr积累和氧化应激之间存在着性别二态性,凋亡与抗氧化指标的表达存在相关性。使用人类滋养层细胞BeWo的体外机制研究也证实Cr在改变抗氧化剂基因中的有害作用。

该研究首次提供证据支持人类胎盘中Cr积累与氧化应激加速之间的正相关,以及对男性的性别偏向。(原文详见--Toxicol Sci:孕妇CrVI暴露引起胎盘Cr积累与氧化应激,且存在着性别二态性

【3】Toxicol Sci:乙二醇代谢物引起胚胎心脏酸中毒

乙二醇(ethylene glycol)又名"甘醇"、"1,2-亚乙基二醇",简称EG。乙二醇能与水、丙酮互溶,但在醚类中溶解度较小。广泛用作溶剂、防冻剂以及合成涤纶的原料。研究显示,乙二醇(EG)是具有妊娠大鼠和小鼠发育毒性的物质。这种毒性的可能机制是EG代谢物乙醇酸(GA)引起影响胚胎心率的酸中毒,这种抑制会导致胚胎性心动过缓和心律失常,导致胚胎中死亡率和畸形率增加。因此研究人员使用妊娠天数(GD)为11和13的大鼠胚胎进行了体外调查。

研究结果显示,单羧酸盐浓度(乙醇酸盐或乳酸盐)增加需要结合H+浓度增加(低pH e)来影响胚胎HR。单羧酸转运蛋白(MCT)存在于出生后早期的大鼠心脏,整个发育期的小鸡胚胎心脏和绒毛尿囊胎盘。此外GA和降低pH e对胚胎HR的不利影响随着暴露持续时间的增加而增加。

在培养基中GA或乳酸(LA)浓度增引起外部pH(pH e)的降低和胚胎心率(HR)的浓度依赖性降低。增加浓度的GA或LA,并将pH e校正至正常水平不影响HR。培养基中NaHCO3降低引起的pH e值剧烈下降对GD13胚胎的HR影响不大,但GD11胚胎的HR显著降低。(原文详见--Toxicol Sci:乙二醇代谢物引起胚胎心脏酸中毒

【4】Transl Psychiat:新证据:精神分裂症起始时间更早,孕早期就有异样!

一项新的研究发现,精神分裂症可能在怀孕前12周就开始出现,这意味着可以在出生前就对其进行治疗。

精神分裂症的症状通常出现在青春期或成年后期,据估计,这种疾病影响全球超过2100万人,导致思维、感知和自我意识的严重问题。

通过在实验室条件下培育"迷你大脑",科学家们发现在发育两周后就能识别脑室周围干细胞的分裂,这相当于怀孕的前三个月。

据研究人员介绍,这是理解大脑紊乱的生物学起源的重要一步,最早提出这一概念的是公元前1550年古埃及医学文献《Ebers Papyrus》。

纽约州立大学布法罗分校的一位研究人员Michal K.Stachowiak说:"这种疾病已被误判了4,000年。现在我们终于有证据显示,精神分裂症是一种由大脑发育时的错误路径导致的疾病。" 该研究小组使用三名精神分裂症患者的重新编码的皮肤细胞作为研究对象,另外四名健康志愿者作为对照组,培养所谓的大脑器官--类似于大脑的微型器官。通过摄取适当的营养素、酸和葡萄糖,这些迷你大脑可以发育成神经外胚层,形成大脑组织,最终,出现脑室、大脑皮层和类似脑干的区域。

随着迷你大脑模型的成形,研究人员注意到精神分裂症患者细胞培养的有机器官出现了异常:形成神经元的神经祖细胞分裂异常,很少有成熟的神经元在大脑皮层中出现。这与之前的研究相吻合,即精神分裂症与大脑皮层功能异常有关,这是大脑处理记忆重要工作(比如记忆力、注意力和语言功能)的区域。

如今我们在大脑发育的早期阶段发现了这种错误的连接,下一步就是找到可以治疗的方法。一个被称为整合核FGFR1信号通路(INFS)的错误基因组途径是早期研究的主题,可能也是掌握这一疾病的关键。

研究人员建议,也许药物或膳食补充剂可以用于已经发现精神分裂症风险的孕妇,尽管现在仍是研究如何利用这些新数据的早期阶段。

虽然这种疾病可以用药物来治疗,但还缺少完全治愈的方法。研究人员也在不断寻找这种疾病的遗传根源,以及它如何造成大脑连接混乱。Stachowiak说:"现在我们可以说精神分裂症是在发育早期出现的大脑结构缺陷的一种疾病,相当于孕早期,这也涉及到大脑皮层神经元回路发育畸形。"(原文详见--Transl Psychiat:新证据:精神分裂症起始时间更早,孕早期就有异样

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    2018-01-01 jiangwei200908

    不错不错

    0

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    2017-12-08 虈亣靌

    好好学习.多看看

    0

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    2017-12-01 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2017-11-29 半夏微凉

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-11-28 虈亣靌

    好好看下.内容丰富

    0

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妊娠滋养细胞疾病代表一系列与妊娠相关的疾病,从恶变前的葡萄胎到恶性肿瘤,统称为妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤。

孕产妇应接受妊娠风险筛查

国家卫生计生委近日印发《孕产妇妊娠风险评估与管理工作规范》,指出首诊医疗机构应当对首次建册的孕产妇进行妊娠风险筛查;对妊娠风险筛查阳性的孕产妇,医疗机构进行首次妊娠风险评估;妊娠风险评估分级原则上应当在开展助产服务的二级以上医疗机构进行。

J AM MED INFORM ASSN:出生月份如何影响一生疾病风险

已有的研究表明出生月份和气候对一生的疾病风险都有影响,但是至今为止,潜在的风险原因仍然不太清楚。

CCLM:多种族人群血清甲状腺激素水平的妊娠特异性参考区间

甲状腺功能障碍在怀孕期间是很常见的。迄今为止,仅有有限数量的研究报道了不同种族之间血清甲状腺激素浓度的差异。研究人员试图在多民族人群中建立血清甲状腺激素水平的孕周特异性参考区间,并研究是否应该对不同种族使用单独的参考区间。