Hepatology Communications:这几种饮食习惯与肝细胞癌息息相关!

2022-07-26 露娜 生物探索

肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)占肝癌总比例的75%–85%,HCC是一种多因素疾病,有许多潜在病因,饮食便是其中之一。

导语俗话说,病从口入。一直以来,多种疾病的发生都与我们的日常饮食习惯息息相关,肝癌更是如此。肝癌是第六大癌症,在全球癌症死亡率中排名第三。在蒙古、泰国和柬埔寨等亚洲国家,肝癌属于高发癌症,也是癌症死亡的主要原因之一。作为一种常见的肝癌亚型,肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)占肝癌总比例的75%–85%。HCC是一种多因素疾病,有许多潜在病因,饮食便是其中之一。

2022年6月1日,一项题为“Associations between six dietary habits and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A Mendelian randomization study”的研究发表在Hepatology Communications上,该研究旨在使用孟德尔随机化方法在东亚人群中探索东亚饮食习惯与罹患肝细胞癌风险的潜在因果关系,结果发现酒精摄入与HCC风险呈正相关;咖啡、茶、牛奶和酸奶的摄入与HCC风险呈负相关。

图1 研究成果(图源:[1])

研究团队从日本生物银行(BioBank Japan)招募了20多万名年龄界于20岁至89岁的东亚参与者,并进行长期随访。通过标准化问卷获得参与者的饮食数据,通过全基因组关联研究(Genome-Wide Association Studies,GWAS)分析BBJ数据从而确定暴露变量。研究人员确定了曾经/从不饮酒者人数((n=165084)、饮酒人数(n=58610)、咖啡消费人数(n=152634)、喝茶人数(n=152653)、喝牛奶人数(n=152965)和喝酸奶人数(n=152097)。对于咖啡、茶(含绿茶或其他传统茶类)、牛奶和酸奶,参与者需根据四点量表确定食用频率(分别为几乎每天/每周3-4天/每周1-2天/很少);对于饮酒的情况,研究人员通过问卷调查了解参与者的酒精摄入的量与频率。对于茶、牛奶和酸奶的消费,使用Wald比率进行计算。对于曾经/从不饮酒者和喝咖啡者,应用逆方差加权或随机效应、MR Egger、加权中位数和加权模式分析,并应用散点图将结果可视化。在本研究中,与暴露相关的单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)被选为工具变量(Instrumental variables,IV)(图2)。

研究人员通过为每种饮食习惯建立的IV从BBJ中提取HCC数据。研究人员协调了暴露和结果的GWAS数据,以确保效应等位基因与更高水平的暴露相关。然后研究人员使用孟德尔(Mendelian randomization,MR)方法进行分析。主要发现如下:

1. 饮酒与HCC风险呈正相关。与从不饮酒的人相比,曾经饮酒者或正在饮酒者患HCC的风险更高。

针对饮酒与HCC风险之间的正向关联,研究团队认为下述几种机制或能解释:首先,乙醛是酒精的第一个代谢产物,会诱导氧化应激。它可以产生DNA加合物,修饰与酒精代谢酶相关的基因,从而诱发肝癌;其次,长期大量饮酒会导致酒精性肝硬化,进而发展为肝癌;第三,酒精可以作为溶剂,促进其他致癌物质进入细胞,从而助推了肝癌的发生;最后,饮酒本身会损害肝脏解毒能力与身体免疫力。

2. 喝咖啡是HCC的保护因素,咖啡摄入量与HCC风险呈负相关,每天多喝两杯咖啡与35%的HCC风险降低相关。

咖啡摄入与HCC之间存在保护性关联的机制主要如下:首先,咖啡中的一些生物活性化合物(如绿原酸和多酚)由于其抗氧化和抗炎特性可能可以发挥抗癌作用;其次,咖啡中的化合物绿原酸可以抑制增生性肝细胞灶的生长和癌前肝脏病变,从而抑制肝脏肿瘤的生长;第三,咖啡中的咖啡醇和咖啡豆醇可能通过促进相关酶的活性来改善致癌物质的代谢;第四,咖啡中的咖啡因可以抑制肝炎病毒的活性和复制,从而预防肝癌的发展;最后,咖啡可以降低胰岛素抵抗并降低患2型糖尿病的风险,这些都是肝癌的重要危险因素。

3. 喝茶与HCC风险呈负相关,尤其是较高的绿茶摄入量与降低肝癌风险有关。

茶摄入量与HCC之间反向关联的一种潜在机制与茶多酚有关。一些多酚类物质,如表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)、表没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯和表儿茶素)可通过清除活性氧,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡以及抑制血管生成来抑制肿瘤细胞生长。近期的研究也表明,EGCG治疗的动物,其肿瘤发病率和复发率均显着降低。

4. 乳制品(牛奶和酸奶)的消费与HCC风险之间存在负相关。

对七项队列研究和八项病例对照研究的荟萃分析发现,酸奶摄入量与肝癌风险呈负相关(95% CI,0.27-0.91)。剂量反应分析还表明,酸奶摄入量每天增加40克与肝癌风险降低5.4%相关(P=0.002)。

图2 六种饮食习惯与HCC风险之间的功效计算(图源:[1])

研究人员指出或有几种机制能解释乳制品与HCC风险之间可能存在的保护性关联。首先,乳制品含有许多可以降低癌症风险的有益成分。乳铁蛋白因可以减少DNA损伤,增强免疫功能并抑制炎症,而具有抗肿瘤特性;其次,乳制品,尤其是酸奶,与几种与癌症相关的肠道微生物群有关。例如嗜热链球菌和德氏乳杆菌亚种。

此项MR研究表明,对于东亚人群而言,曾经饮酒者(相对于从不饮酒者)和较高的饮酒量都与较高的HCC风险相关。相反,咖啡、茶、牛奶和酸奶的摄入量越高,患HCC的风险就越低。由此可见,保持健康的饮食习惯在预防HCC中至关重要。

原始出处:

Deng Y, Huang J, Wong MCS. Associations between six dietary habits and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A Mendelian randomization study. Hepatol Commun. 2022 Jun 6. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1960. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35670026.

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    2023-01-08 xjy02
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    2023-05-10 liuli5079
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