NAT REV DRUG DISCOV:肝癌的治疗现状与未来

2018-11-01 佚名 药明康德

免疫疗法将在5年内有望成为治疗肝癌的第一大疗法,给全世界的肝癌患者带来新的治疗方案。

免疫疗法将在5年内有望成为治疗肝癌的第一大疗法,给全世界的肝癌患者带来新的治疗方案。

肝癌是一类严重的疾病。尽管不少患者在疾病早期就得到了诊断和治疗,但它的复发率依然很高。对于病情已进入中晚期的患者而言,预后更不乐观:如果癌症扩散到了周边的淋巴结,患者的5年生存率只有11%。当癌症扩散到其他器官后,5年生存率更是只有3%。

肝癌的主要风险之一是肝炎引起的肝硬化。作为一个肝炎大国,中国的肝癌发病率居高不下。在男性中,肝癌已是第三大高发癌症,仅次于肺癌癌。但在目前,我们对于肝癌的有效治疗手段,还极为有限。

最近,《自然》子刊《Nature Reviews Drug Discovery》上刊登了一篇综述,介绍了全世界范围内已经获批,以及正在研发的部分肝癌疗法。

现有的系统疗法

从作用机制上看,目前的肝癌系统疗法可以分为两类,一类是“多激酶抑制剂”(MKI),另一类则是免疫疗法。

目前,美国FDA已经批准了3款MKI。

第一款是拜耳(Bayer)带来的索拉非尼(sorafenib),它在2007年获批,是首款治疗晚期肝癌的一线疗法。从总体生存率收益上看,它要优于安慰剂。但它的客观缓解率(ORR)较低,只有2%。

第二款MKI同样由拜耳带来——2017年4月,美国FDA批准瑞戈非尼(regorafenib)上市,用于在索拉非尼的治疗后,疾病依旧出现进展的患者。

今年8月,卫材(Eisai)和默沙东(MSD)联合带来的乐伐替尼(lenvatinib)也得到了美国FDA的批准上市。这款新药在一项3期临床研究中表明,其与索拉非尼的中位总生存期相比,具有非劣效性。这也是FDA在过去十年来批准的首款能用于一线治疗的系统疗法。

相比之下,能用于治疗肝癌的免疫疗法就不是那么多。

目前,只有Opdivo(nivolumab)获批,用于曾接受过索拉非尼治疗的患者。另一款重磅免疫疗法Keytruda(pembrolizumab)则在今年7月获得了治疗肝癌的优先审评资格,有望在11月初获批。

重要的在研疗法

在这篇综述中,作者们也为我们整理了一些重要的在研疗法。从作用机制上看,血管生成抑制剂和免疫检查点抑制剂依旧是主流。

这些在研新药中,cabozantinib有望率先来到患者身边。这同样是一款口服的MKI。在经治的晚期肝癌患者中,相较安慰剂,它显着延长了总生存期,达到了主要临床终点。目前,美国FDA已经接受了这款新药的上市申请,有望在2019年1月14日前作出批复。

由礼来带来的ramucirumab是一款抑制血管生成的单克隆抗体,能够靶向VEGFR2。在一项3期临床试验中,它同样能延长经治患者的总生存期。但它只适用于甲胎蛋白(AFP)表达水平较高的患者。在那些表达水平不高的患者中,它的治疗效果有限。

在研管线里,免疫疗法也同样占据了重要地位。除了有望在本月获批的Keytruda外,管线中还有百济神州与新基带来的tislelizumab,以及诺华带来的spartalizumab。两者的作用靶点都是PD-1,前者已经进入了3期临床阶段,后者也已进入了2期临床研发。此外,PD-L1抑制剂Tecentriq(atezolizumab),以及Imfinzi(durvalumab)与tremelimumab(CTLA-4抑制剂)也正在临床研发之中,Tecentriq还曾获得美国FDA授予的突破性疗法认定。

另外一些值得关注的药物,靶向的则是其他靶点。它们包括了靶向TGFβR1的galunisertib(礼来研发),以及靶向磷脂酰丝氨酸的bavituximab(Oncologie研发)。

总结

研究人员们分析指出,依照市场份额看,目前抑制血管生成的药物占了统治地位,但免疫疗法将在5年内有望成为治疗肝癌的第一大疗法。我们期待更多新药能够不断问世,给全世界的肝癌患者带来新的治疗方案。

原始出处:
Joshua Dawkins and Rachel M. Webster et al., (2018), The hepatocellular carcinoma market, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.146

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    2019-05-29 liye789132251
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    2018-11-08 wangbingxhy
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    2018-11-03 yankaienglish

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CELL:摄入可溶性纤维增加肝癌风险

膳食可溶性纤维通过肠道细菌发酵成短链脂肪酸(SCFA),广泛被认为可以促进健康。人们还认为,这种纤维的消耗改善了代谢综合征。

复旦中山医院突破黄疸禁区 巨型肝癌患者获救

近日,一位伴有重度黄疸(总胆红素)高达411μmol/L、直径20厘米巨大肝肿瘤、生命垂危的女患者,奇迹般在复旦大学附属中山医院获救,经第二次介入治疗后,10月17日已出院。

Cell:膳食纤维竟能诱发肝癌?专家称:天然膳食纤维可放心吃!

近些年来,膳食纤维备受追捧,但10月18日一篇发表在《细胞》杂志上的文章却让人跌破眼镜:膳食纤维竟然能够诱发肝癌?

PNAS:肝癌早诊率提高100%!基因筛查再发力!

研究人员在肝脏特异性Pten基因敲除小鼠模型(PtenKO)和高脂饮食小鼠模型中进行了“睡眠美容”转座子突变筛选。(Pten基因编码由403个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,具有磷酸酯酶的活性。PTEN蛋白可通过拮抗酪氨酸激酶等磷酸化酶的活性而抑制肿瘤的发生发展。)

Cell:刷新认知!肥胖竟会导致肝癌!

我们所了解的是肥胖会导致脂肪肝,脂肪肝演变成肝硬化,而肝硬化又很可能恶化为肝癌。我们所不知道的是,肥胖的真正可怕之处在于“不走寻常路”,其更多的是通过诱发非NAFLD(非酒精性脂肪性肝病)途径而导致肝癌发生发展