Nature:黑色素瘤全基因组分析发现PREX2关键基因

2012-05-16 卢秀玲 生物通

      来自麻省哈佛Broad研究院,德国埃森大学等多处研究机构组成的研究团队发表了题为“Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations”的文章,进行了25位肿瘤患者全基因组测序,从中发现了一组参与皮肤癌的基因突变,这是首次针对人类黑色素瘤进行的高分辨率,全基因组规模分析,相关成果公布在Nat

      来自麻省哈佛Broad研究院,德国埃森大学等多处研究机构组成的研究团队发表了题为“Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations”的文章,进行了25位肿瘤患者全基因组测序,从中发现了一组参与皮肤癌的基因突变,这是首次针对人类黑色素瘤进行的高分辨率,全基因组规模分析,相关成果公布在Nature杂志上。

       目前这一论文开放,并且同期Nature杂志还配发了题为“Study links genes to melanoma development”的新闻,详细报道了这一成果。

       领导这一研究的分别是Broad研究院,Dana-Farber癌症研究所的Levi A. Garraway副教授,以及Dana-Farber癌症研究所Lynda Chin。 Garraway表示,“对整个基因组进行测序,无疑将获得比全外显子测序更多的信息”。

       皮肤癌中最致命,最具威胁性之一的当属恶性黑素瘤(黑色素瘤),这是一种恶性程度极高的皮肤恶性肿瘤,病程进展迅速。黑色素瘤的发病率随人种、地域、种族的不同而存有所差异,白种人的发病率远高于黑种人高,我国虽属黑色素瘤的低发区,但进入21世纪后发病率却呈不断上升趋势。

       这种疾病一直被认为与光照有关,之前的遗传学分析主要聚焦于癌症的外显子,这是基因组上的一小部分,主要负责蛋白表达的遗传编码。而全基因组分析则不同,涵盖了丰富的遗传信息。

       25位肿瘤患者样品全基因组分析

       在这篇文章中,研究人员利用Illumina GAIIx sequencer以及HiSeq 2000等进行了25位患有转移黑色素瘤患者样品的全基因组分析,这是一项技术上和数据分析上的巨大挑战,从中研究人员获得了大量有关黑色素瘤遗传变化的信息。

       其中一项发现就是在25个肿瘤样品中有11个样品出现了一个基因突变,而且在9位患者样品的这个基因附近也出现了遗传重排。这个基因就是PREX2,PREX2基因能表达蛋白,抑制另外一种关键蛋白:PTEN的作用,而后者正是一种抑癌因子。

       研究人员在后续的107个肿瘤样品中,发现了14%出现潜在损伤PREX2突变,并且当他们将包含PREX2突变的人类皮肤细胞移植入小鼠(这些小鼠患有皮肤癌)的时候,6个不同PREX2突变中的4个加速了小鼠肿瘤的发展。因此研究人员认为PREX2也许在人类皮肤癌中也扮演了相似的角色。

       靶向治疗

       这项研究让我们认识到了黑色素瘤的复杂性,也发现了更多治疗靶标。之前的研究曾指出了其它基因,比如BRAF和NRAS在黑色素瘤发生过程中的作用。一个称为vemurafenib的药物就是靶向BRAF蛋白,去年8月已经通过了美国FDA的审批,这个药物是首个黑色素瘤治疗性遗传靶向药物,但是也只能针对一半的黑色素瘤患者——也就是具有此种突变的癌症患者。

       PREX2本身也许并不是一个良好的药物靶标,因为着其基因中发现的突变在任一位点上并不聚集,如果能聚集在一起,那么利用药物靶向就容易一些,Garraway教授说。但是他也指出,这项研究能提升我们对于黑色素瘤患者体内,异常生物途径的认识,从而能帮助科学家们聚焦于能成为更好药物靶标的那些途径中,其它部分中的基因和蛋白。

       PREX2的作用途径也与BRAF和NRAS不同,后二者被认为是“经典”的致癌基因,而PREX2则方式不同,它更多的是促进更多的蛋白表达,而不是使蛋白本身更加活跃。科学家认为这个重要发现与其他癌症基因组测序项目中获得的成果一致。

       这也就意味着这一领域出现了一种新型的,不具备经典致癌基因特征的驱动蛋白。

       证实之前的研究

       除此之外,研究人员还证实了一些早期的发现,2010年科学家们分析了肺癌与皮肤癌的癌症基因组,发现黑素瘤患者的基因组有33,345个明显突变,肺癌患者的基因组有22,910个明显突变。这些突变并不均匀地分散在基因组上,而是集中出现在基因编码区域外围。

       这项研究表明可通过追踪这些变异来测定致癌因素对癌症发生的影响程度大小。而这些针对致癌因素的追踪研究发现,其实皮肤癌和肺癌是可以预防的。

       在这项研究中,研究人员也发现机体并未常受到光照的肿瘤出现区域中,每百万个碱基对中会出现3-14个突变,而经常进行高光照的病患样品,则每百万个碱基对中会出现111个突变。

       在未常受到光照的机体区域肿瘤中出现了晒伤痕迹——比如脚底——证明了光照在黑色素瘤发生过程中的作用,美国非盈利黑色素瘤联盟科学项目部主任Laura Brockway-Lunardi说。

       “黑色素瘤的发病率越来越高,尤其是在年轻女性当中,这可以归咎于光照以及室内照射”,Brockway-Lunardi说。 

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    2012-07-15 liye789132251
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    2013-01-30 sunylz
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GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1558615, encodeId=ea161558615e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e27610332666' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#黑色素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=103326, encryptionId=e27610332666, topicName=黑色素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=150614999302, createdName=cqlidoudou, createdTime=Fri May 18 10:16:00 CST 2012, time=2012-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1564624, encodeId=3f8e1564624fc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e27610332666' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#黑色素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=103326, encryptionId=e27610332666, topicName=黑色素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=150614999302, createdName=cqlidoudou, createdTime=Fri May 18 10:16:00 CST 2012, time=2012-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2012-06-07 yeaweam
  4. 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createdBy=150614999302, createdName=cqlidoudou, createdTime=Fri May 18 10:16:00 CST 2012, time=2012-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. 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  6. 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  7. 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