冷家骅:敲黑板,划重点:家族遗传性结直肠肿瘤「前世今生」

2017-11-16 冷家骅 ioncology

结直肠肿瘤在欧美等发达国家非常常见,曾被认为是一种富贵病。根据最新统计,其发病率近期有显着提升的趋势,目前已经跃升为我国最常见恶性肿瘤之一,在北京、上海等一线城市不论男女,其发病率甚至已经跃升至第二位。

家族遗传性疾病基本信息

结直肠肿瘤在欧美等发达国家非常常见,曾被认为是一种富贵病。根据最新统计,其发病率近期有显着提升的趋势,目前已经跃升为我国最常见恶性肿瘤之一,在北京、上海等一线城市不论男女,其发病率甚至已经跃升至第二位。

为什么会得结直肠肿瘤呢?在所有患者中,约15%的患者具有相应家族史,约10%的肿瘤明确与遗传因素有关。是的,你没有听错,肿瘤是可以遗传的!今天我们就来和大家聊聊家族遗传性结直肠肿瘤。

主要累及结直肠的遗传性肿瘤综合征包括:家族性腺瘤样息肉病(FAP)和林奇综合征(Lynch综合征)等。作为罪魁祸首的突变基因可以遗传给患者的子女。与更为常见的散发型结直肠癌相比,形象的说具有基因突变的个体就像是一条腿站立的人,稍有风吹草动便容易跌倒。因此继承了突变基因的家族后代的肿瘤发病率极高,而且常常在年轻时便先后或同时罹患多种良恶性肿瘤。

家族性腺瘤样息肉病(FAP)典型内镜下特征为遍布结直肠的无法计数的腺瘤,患者在40岁之前几乎百分百发生恶变。其发生机制与APC基因的突变有关。遗传特征为常染色体显性遗传,无论子女均有相同的机会患病。这种特征,使得医生和患者过目不忘,因此较少误诊。

然而,另一种遗传性结直肠肿瘤的特征更为隐匿,其被认识的过程也更为曲折,这就是Lynch综合征。早在100多年前,一位女裁缝向自己的雇主哭诉自己家族的不幸经历,这个源自德国的家族,连续几代人都或早或晚的罹患各种肿瘤,并早早离世,整个家族都笼罩在不祥和悲痛的气氛中。这位雇主不仅仅给与女裁缝以安慰和关爱,同时还详细记录了其家族中每位患者的详细情况,包括年龄、肿瘤以及他(她)们之间的血缘关系,并在此后进行了连续的追踪和报告,他就是后来被称为肿瘤遗传学之父的病理科医生Warthin,而女裁缝的家族被称为G家系。几十年后这些报道吸引了Lynch医生的注意,他结合自己亲身经治的N家系、M家系等病例创造性地提出,这一悲惨境遇背后的根源来自于遗传因素!肿瘤居然是可以遗传的!这样一个在当时看似离经叛道的解释并未受到主流医学的广泛认同,直到1984年,在经历了复杂和长期的研究佐证后,这一肿瘤综合征最终被命名为Lynch综合征,以表彰Lynch医生在该领域做出的卓越的、开创性的工作。而直到此后的十年,错配修复基因突变导致错配修复功能障碍和微卫星不稳定才被逐渐发现。因此说,整个医学界对于家族遗传性肿瘤的深入认知并不久远。

小结一下遗传性结直肠肿瘤综合征:

肿瘤具有明确的致病基因,且这种基因问题可以通过遗传的方式在家族中传递;

患者明显比散发型肿瘤患者年轻;

肿瘤具有同时或先后多发的倾向,临床上漏诊、延误治疗的病例并不罕见;

患者可能以子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌、泌尿系肿瘤、胃癌等其他肠外肿瘤为主要表现;

患者家族成员的患癌风险明显增高。

国内的诊疗现状

最早的对于Lynch综合征的临床诊断工具是发布于1991年的阿姆斯特丹标准。该标准可归纳为“3-2-1-0”,即3名家族成员,连续2代人,其中1例在50岁前发病,0即需要除外家族性腺瘤性息肉病。这一标准在无法做出确切分子病理诊断的年代十分实用。符合该标准的家族几乎无一例外均为Lynch综合征,但由于过于严格,使得大量不典型的家族被漏诊。

此后随着基因检测及遗传领域的快速进展,诊断标准也逐渐从家系分析型向分子病理型过度。

我国遗传性肿瘤的临床及研究工作面临如下困难:其一,受既往计划生育政策的国人的小家系特征,严重影响临床筛查工作。其二,国内的遗传咨询工作尚未进行体系性规划,相应执业医生的资质良莠不齐,而临床医生对Lynch综合征等遗传性肿瘤综合征重视不足,认识不清。其三,遗传性肿瘤的分子诊断等手段尚未在国内普及,例如错配修复蛋白并未在全部医院进行常规检测。第四,肿瘤遗传的特征尚未在大众百姓中得到广泛的认知和理解。

基于上述客观条件,极少患者在结直肠肿瘤术前能够明确或者除外遗传性因素,不能针对性的调整手术范围和方案,头疼医头脚疼医脚,只见树木不见森林的现象并不罕见。甚至有些患者医治好了肠癌却耽误了子宫内膜癌,治疗了卵巢癌,却忽视了胃癌。

遗传性肿瘤的未来?

由于肿瘤的因素明确,因此通过积极的早期筛查和干预可以有效的预防和治疗肿瘤。以北京大学肿瘤医院为代表的国内几家医院已经在肿瘤遗传咨询,分子诊断、化学干预和外科治疗等方面达到世界先进水平。不但关心患者同时也关注患者的家族成员,“怀疑-确诊-治疗-随访”中的任何一环均不应缺失。对于明确诊断的患者,应参照相应指南结合患者个体化的风险评估为其设计整体规划治疗方案,并可能根据基因型表型关系指导健康筛查方案和预防性手术方案,而对于患者的家族成员来说,更应该做到肿瘤的二级预防,早诊早治。并给与恰当的化学预防。

多学科强强联合的肿瘤专科中心可能在家族遗传性肿瘤的诊疗方面具有一定优势,而深入探讨基因型表型关系,了解后天因素与基因背景之间的相互影响并进行早期干预和治疗可能是未来的发展方向。

专家简介:
冷家骅
医学博士,美国约翰霍普金斯大学医院临床博士后,北京大学肿瘤医院胃肠肿瘤中心副主任医师,医保处处长。致力于结直肠肿瘤全流程整体规划治疗、胃肠及消化系统良恶性肿瘤的外科治疗、家族遗传性肿瘤的咨询及干预、消化系统肿瘤肝转移及腹膜转移的综合诊疗、胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤治疗等。

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