J Clin Psychiatry:4种非典型抗精神病药对老年人缺乏安全性和疗效

2012-12-04 J Clin Psychiatry J Clin Psychiatry

       近日一篇刊于《临床精神病学》杂志的文章中,研究者对332例被诊断有精神分裂症、情感障碍、创伤后应激障碍或痴呆相关精神病,且年龄>40岁的患者服用的四种抗精神病药物的安全性和疗效展开调查。结果显示,阿立哌唑( Abilify,大冢公司)、奥氮平(Zyprexa,礼来公司)、喹硫平(Seroquel,阿斯利康公司)和利培酮(Ri

       近日一篇刊于《临床精神病学》杂志的文章中,研究者对332例被诊断有精神分裂症、情感障碍、创伤后应激障碍或痴呆相关精神病,且年龄>40岁的患者服用的四种抗精神病药物的安全性和疗效展开调查。结果显示,阿立哌唑( Abilify,大冢公司)、奥氮平(Zyprexa,礼来公司)、喹硫平(Seroquel,阿斯利康公司)和利培酮(Risperdal,杨森公司)这4种常用的非典型抗精神病药(AAP)在老年精神疾病患者中疗效和安全性较低。

       “我们的研究表明,这些药物在老年人中的标签外使用应该是短期的,并且应慎用。”第一作者Dilip V. Jeste说。

       偏倚最小化

       对于>40岁的人群,大多数抗精神病处方涉及AAP的标签外使用,作者们写道。人们对某些AAP的心血管和代谢副作用感到“越来越担心”。美国食品和药物管理局发布了关于用AAP治疗痴呆相关精神病导致脑血管不良事件的警告和死亡率增加的黑盒警告。

       该研究的患者的均诊断有精神疾病,主治医生认为他们都需要抗精神病药治疗,因此该试验没有使用安慰剂。

       研究者们采用了平衡分层随机分组,这是一种结合了完全随机分组和临床医师的选择的方法。这种方法可使患者或他们的精神科主治医师根据过去的经验或与某一特定药物相关的预期风险而排除1~2种AAP。最佳剂量由主治医师确定。

       “我们的目的,” Jeste医师解释说,“是为了确保临床相关性。我们尝试让这项研究尽可能地‘人性化’,使药物获得最佳的成功机会,同时使偏倚最小化。”

       患者接受长达2年的随访,在基线、第6、12周接受评估,此后每12周评估1次。

       由于喹硫平的严重不良事件发生率(38.5%)显著高于其他3种AAP(19.0%),因此该试验的喹硫平组在试验过程中终止了治疗,研究者们报告。

       “令人不安的”结果

       AAP使用了相对短的一段时期(中位26周)后,终止治疗率较高。半数患者继续服用指定药物少于6个月,他们报告。

       此外,6个月时简明精神病评定量表显示精神病理学没有明显改善,AAP相关代谢综合征(1年时为36.5%)和严重不良事件(23.7%)以及非严重不良事件(50.8%)的发生率高。

       “这些结果十分令人不安,”研究者们说,“因为出于可能的安全性或有效性方面的担心,我们为患者及他们的精神科医师提供了排除4种AAP中1~2种的机会。临床医师可以选择每日剂量,并且可根据需要随时更改剂量。开出的AAP每日剂量相对较低。因此,我们试图给予所有被研究的AAP提供安全性和有效性(正如在临床试验管理规范中显示的那样)的最佳机会。”

       作者们还指出,这项研究未证实阿立哌唑相对于奥氮平具有代谢优势。无论诊断和药物如何,在这一患者年龄大于40岁的人群中,所研究的AAP总风险-获益比“不好,”他们报告。

       作者们承认,老年精神病患者使用AAP是一个“重大的临床难题”。

       尽管研究者们说他们的结果并不意味着应禁止老年精神病患者使用这些AAP,但他们指出,老年人标签外长期使用这些药物时须十分谨慎。

       “当标签外使用这些药物时,应以小剂量短期使用,并且密切监测副作用。” Jeste医师说。“很显然,制定并检验对老年精神病患者安全且有效的干预措施极其重要。”

       不如老药安全

       Nicholas Rosenlicht(医学博士,圣弗朗西斯科市加州大学精神病学系)在评论时说,这些新药的副作用-有效性特征“并不是很好。”这些新药似乎不比老药好,或许还不如老药,我认为临床医师得知此信息尚需一定时日,特别是对于开处很多抗精神病药的非精神科医师而言。

       “很高兴这项研究已被发表,” Rosenlicht医师补充说。“这些药物的确有用,但我们需要小心使用。目前,总体上我们接受和假设它们的效果很好,并且副作用少于老药,但实际上它们似乎有不同的副作用(利培酮除外,该药这一点与老药很相似。)”

Objective
To compare longer-term safety and effectiveness of the 4 most commonly used atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone) in 332 patients, aged > 40 years, having psychosis associated with schizophrenia, mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, or dementia, diagnosed using DSM-IV-TR criteria.
Method
We used equipoise-stratified randomization (a hybrid of complete randomization and clinician’s choice methods) that allowed patients or their treating psychiatrists to exclude 1 or 2 of the study atypical antipsychotics due to past experience or anticipated risk. Patients were followed for up to 2 years, with assessments at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Medications were administered employing open-label design and flexible dosages, but with blind raters. The study was conducted from October 2005 to October 2010.
Outcome Measures
Primary metabolic markers (body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides), percentage of patients who stay on the randomly assigned atypical antipsychotic for at least 6 months, psychopathology, percentage of patients who develop metabolic syndrome, and percentage of patients who develop serious and nonserious adverse events.
Results
Because of a high incidence of serious adverse events, quetiapine was discontinued midway through the trial. There were significant differences among patients willing to be randomized to different atypical antipsychotics (P < .01), suggesting that treating clinicians tended to exclude olanzapine and prefer aripiprazole as one of the possible choices in patients with metabolic problems. Yet, the atypical antipsychotic groups did not differ in longitudinal changes in metabolic parameters or on most other outcome measures. Overall results suggested a high discontinuation rate (median duration 26 weeks prior to discontinuation), lack of significant improvement in psychopathology, and high cumulative incidence of metabolic syndrome (36.5% in 1 year) and of serious (23.7%) and nonserious (50.8%) adverse events for all atypical antipsychotics in the study.
Conclusions
Employing a study design that closely mimicked clinical practice, we found a lack of effectiveness and a high incidence of side effects with 4 commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotics across diagnostic groups in patients over age 40, with relatively few differences among the drugs. Caution in the use of these drugs is warranted in middle-aged and older patients.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00245206

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    2015-03-05 happypig

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