Ann Intern Med:三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬用于乳腺癌预防可获得"广泛获益"

2013-04-24 Ann Intern Med 丁香园

有专家对三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬(Evista)用于乳腺癌化学预防的效应进行了综述评估。在发表在Annals of Internal Medicine杂志2013年4月16日在线版的一项系统回顾性研究中,研究人员得出了这样一个结论:三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬(Evista)的使用能够让乳腺癌患者“广泛获益”。 来自临床试验的数据显示,三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬的预防性应用可以减少浸润性乳腺癌的发生。研究人员说,组间分

有专家对三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬(Evista)用于乳腺癌化学预防的效应进行了综述评估。在发表在Annals of Internal Medicine杂志2013年4月16日在线版的一项系统回顾性研究中,研究人员得出了这样一个结论:三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬(Evista)的使用能够让乳腺癌患者“广泛获益”。

来自临床试验的数据显示,三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬的预防性应用可以减少浸润性乳腺癌的发生。研究人员说,组间分析和决策模型表明,具有高风险的女性,特别是曾经做过子宫切除手术的女性患者,在应用三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬进行预防性治疗时,可以从中获得最大的受益和最小的伤害。

当美国预防服务工作小组(USPSTF)更新其关于乳腺癌治疗策略的建议时,将会用到这份综述研究的结果。USPSTF上次就这个话题发表声明是在2002年。当时,对于普通女性和乳腺癌发生风险低的女性,USPSTF不推荐将三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬作为常规药物用于原发性乳腺癌的预防性治疗。而对于乳腺癌发生风险高的女性,USPSTF建议临床医生应当权衡对病人使用这些药物的利弊。研究指出,尽管USPSTF建议应当考虑对高风险的女性进行低风险的治疗,但是三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬用于乳腺癌预防性治疗在美国的普及率还较低。

关于疗效的最新证据

这份系统性回顾研究考量了自2002年至2012年12月已发表的临床证据。研究小组总共发现了7个关于三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬用于乳腺癌预防性治疗的临床试验。经过综合分析发现,这些数据表明三苯氧胺能够降低侵润性乳腺癌的发生,可以使1000名女性中的7名生存期延长5年;与安慰剂对比,雷洛昔芬则可以使1000名女性中的9名生存期延长5年。两种药物的应用均可以降低骨折的发生风险。然而,这两种药物的应用既不能降低乳腺癌特异的死亡率,也不能降低全因死亡率;并且这两种药物的应用会产生一系列不良反应。

"三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬研究(STAR)"的比较数据表明,三苯氧胺比雷洛昔芬有更好的预防作用。Nelson医生及其同事指出,“与雷洛昔芬相比,三苯氧胺更能降低乳腺癌的发生,可以使1000名女性中的5名患者乳腺癌发生率降低。”

然而,三苯氧胺对人体有更多的伤害。虽然两种药物均增加了病人血栓栓塞事件的发生,但是三苯氧胺与雷洛昔芬相比,前者使1000名女性中有超过4名发生了血栓栓塞事件,超过了后者。另外,与雷洛昔芬和安慰剂相比,三苯氧胺更能增加子宫内膜癌和白内障的发生。

乳腺癌高风险的女性获益最大

研究人员报告说,"虽然临床试验表明对所有具有乳腺癌发生风险的女性应用三苯氧胺均可以降低乳腺癌的发生,但对于那些具有乳腺癌高风险因素(基于风险评分和早期非典型增生的研究结论)的女性来说,她们将获益更多。"

然而,应如何鉴别治疗的适应证人群的问题仍不确切。临床试验中用到的一些风险模型“预测人群中乳腺癌风险的分辨度仅有低级至中级水准,”他们补充说。举个例子,试验中将Gail模型作为风险阈值的评估标准,同时美国FDA也将其作为批准化学预防药物的标准(如,5年发生率>1.67%),最终发现这种模型在预测人群中乳腺癌发生率的分辨率精度很低。大多数60岁以上无其他风险因素的女性仅符合这一模型的年龄阈值指标,这些研究者写道。

目前,只有三苯氧胺和雷洛昔芬被FDA批准用于乳腺癌的预防。其它的几种药物在临床试验中也表现出了降低乳腺癌发生率的作用,这包括替勃龙,拉索昔芬和依西美坦。研究者指出,“虽然这几种药物还没有被FDA批准用于乳腺癌的预防治疗,但是它们将会扩大临床医生的治疗选择”。该研究由美国卫生健康研究与质量机构(AHRQ)资助。Nelson医生及共同作者报告此次与会费用由AHRQ资助。

乳腺癌相关的拓展阅读:


Use of Medications to Reduce Risk for Primary Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force FREE
Purpose
To update evidence about the effectiveness and adverse effects of medications to reduce breast cancer risk, patient use of such medications, and methods for identifying women at increased risk for breast cancer.
Data Sources
MEDLINE and Cochrane databases (through 5 December 2012), Scopus, Web of Science, clinical trial registries, and reference lists.
Study Selection
English-language randomized trials of medication effectiveness and adverse effects, observational studies of adverse effects and patient use, and diagnostic accuracy studies of risk assessment.
Data Extraction
Investigators independently extracted data on participants, study design, analysis, follow-up, and results, and a second investigator confirmed key data. Investigators independently dual-rated study quality and applicability using established criteria.
Data Synthesis
Seven good- and fair-quality trials indicated that tamoxifen and raloxifene reduced incidence of invasive breast cancer by 7 to 9 cases in 1000 women over 5 years compared with placebo. New results from STAR (Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene) showed that tamoxifen reduced breast cancer incidence more than raloxifene by 5 cases in 1000 women. Neither reduced breast cancer–specific or all-cause mortality rates. Both reduced the incidence of fractures, but tamoxifen increased the incidence of thromboembolic events more than raloxifene by 4 cases in 1000 women. Tamoxifen increased the incidence of endometrial cancer and cataracts compared with placebo and raloxifene. Trials provided limited and heterogeneous data on medication adherence and persistence. Many women do not take tamoxifen because of associated harms. Thirteen risk-stratification models were modest predictors of breast cancer.
Limitation
Data on mortality and adherence measures and for women who are nonwhite, are premenopausal, or have comorbid conditions were lacking.
Conclusion
Medications reduced the incidence of invasive breast cancer and fractures and increased the incidence of thromboembolic events. Tamoxifen was more effective than raloxifene but also increased the incidence of endometrial cancer and cataracts. Use is limited by adverse effects and inaccurate methods to identify candidates.

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