NEJM:中国医改的四个教训

2015-04-07 David Blumenthal,William Hsiao “医学界杂志”微信号(编译)

初看上去,中国医改经验似乎不能为其他国家提供有用的参考价值,因为她的医疗体系拥有独一无二的地理政治学背景:超13亿的人口,幅员辽阔,一党专政,并正从第三世界飞速转向第一世界经济体。 但第一印象有时并不准确。自1949年建国以来,中国推进了一系列引人瞩目的医改历程,这些经验在多个层面都具有启示作用。为帮助理解,在此先对近期历史作一简单梳理: 1949年可被看成医改第一阶段的开始。新政府创

初看上去,中国医改经验似乎不能为其他国家提供有用的参考价值,因为她的医疗体系拥有独一无二的地理政治学背景:超13亿的人口,幅员辽阔,一党专政,并正从第三世界飞速转向第一世界经济体。

但第一印象有时并不准确。自1949年建国以来,中国推进了一系列引人瞩目的医改历程,这些经验在多个层面都具有启示作用。为帮助理解,在此先对近期历史作一简单梳理:

1949年可被看成医改第一阶段的开始。新政府创建了与其他社会主义国家相似的医疗体系:所有医疗机构全为国有,且由国家任免人事;全民医疗免费,不需要任何医保方案。该阶段一个独创性的成果,就是当时的社区医疗工作者,也被称为“赤脚医生”,体制依靠这一群体成功提供了基础医疗保健服务。

1984年,进入第二个阶段:市场化改革。国有医院大量削减,许多医生、包括赤脚医生陆续失去编制。政府继续持有医院,但对医疗机构放松了管制,这导致了一些医疗机构在一个总体不规范的市场中的逐利行为。部分医疗工作人员成为私企业主,医生也能从医院营收中获得绩效奖励。

在面对新的经济刺激时,中国的医生们缺乏可借鉴的职业化(professionalism)传统或可依靠的独立的专业机构。新中国脱胎自孔夫子思想组建成的传统社会,在快速走进市场化洪流的过程中,期间几乎没有机会让中国的医生们形成医学职业化的范式,或组建独立的社会机构去发展这些理念。事实上,汉语中甚至没有一个词能够对应西方“professionalism”这个词。

为推进市场化,这一阶段的医改让大部分居民处于非医保状态。在1999年,医保覆盖了49%城镇人口,但仅覆盖7%的农村人口。同时,政府将医疗中一个关键要素抓在了手中:价格。也许是出于对基础医疗可及性的考虑,一些特定的医疗服务价格被限定,如医生和护士的服务时间。然而,对药物和影像检查等技术服务的定价要求却相对宽泛。这导致了可预见的后果:医院大量提高药物和技术类服务的使用,提高医疗费用,提供折中的医疗服务质量,并减少对非医保居民的收治。

在90年代末,这种市场化的改革导致了公众对医疗机构和医务人员的愤怒和不信任,甚至引发更广泛的针对医生个体的人身攻击。紧缺的医疗服务可及性催化了公众的抵制情绪,特别是在欠发达的农村地区,这进而威胁到社会的稳定性。

在2003年,当政府通过引入覆盖农村居民部分住院费的医保计划,以缓和人民对医疗体系的不满时,医改进入第三阶段。这一阶段对医院医疗的关注,反应了当时高昂的医院服务费用使许多患者因病致贫的现实。

但这种围绕医院的定位,反映出领导层对基层医疗认知的局限性,尤其在健康管理和医疗费用控制上,基层医疗所扮演的关键性角色并没有得到政策制定者的充分认识。因此,2003的医改结局并不令人意外,它在缓解既有医疗体制痼疾上,只起到了片面的作用。

2008年,医改进入第四阶段。中国领导者意识到分级诊疗的改革和医保同样重要。领导者摒弃了先前基于市场原则的医改经验,提出到2020年实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务的目标。在2012年,医保覆盖了95%的居民。同时,在建设基础医疗服务体系上国家也加大了投入,包括建立一个全国范围内广泛的诊疗网络。

中国医疗体制还在快速演变着;在医改的历程中,潜在几个值得借鉴的经验和教训:

第一课:在低收入国家,社区医疗工作者,如中国的“赤脚医生”,能显著性地提升当地居民的健康水平——这一经验或许同样适用于高收入国家。

第二课:在资助和分配医疗服务上,过度依靠市场有风险。尽管政府定价造成了市场机制的扭曲,但这并不能完全解释近期中国医疗在公平性、可及性、费用上的一系列问题。中国医疗是市场化失败的产物。患方和医疗服务供方之间的信息不对称,使患方无法在自由医疗市场中做出合适的选择,而患方在知识上的欠缺,也可能被医方利用。由此导致的来自患方的愤怒、信任危机等问题,进而成为社会的不稳定因子——当患者不堪承受医疗费的重负时,这种不稳定性会进一步放大,发展成近日的中国正在上演的情景。

第三课:医生职业素养在现代医疗体系的基石作用可能没有得到充分的重视。在医学生期间的培训中对职业素养的灌输,以及既有医疗机构对这种素养常规性的强化,并不能确保这些专业人士只从患者和公共利益为出发点行事。

最后,中国医改的经验表明,对医保动刀比改革分级诊疗体系容易;而基础医疗保健,在建立有效的医疗体系中则具有十分关键的作用。

文章摘自:Lessons from the East-China's Rapidly Evolving Health Care System,翻译时有删节;编译:林菲菲。


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    2015-12-09 cmn

    领导

    0

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    2015-12-09 cmn

    医改

    0

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    2015-04-10 吴颖

    如果能够深入人心,最好

    0

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    2015-04-09 tidiq
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    2015-04-08 liangxiu2010

    很难改,必须增加投入。没钱什么都办不了。重庆医改八日就结束说明了这个道理。

    0

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    2015-04-08 shawuque

    改来改去,苦的还是底层的工作人员

    0

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    2015-04-08 hbwang006

    全世界的难点,尤其中国那么人心乱

    0

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    2015-04-08 zhouanxiu

    不能想得太简单

    0

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    2015-04-07 Gsurgeon

    不知道能不能成功

    0

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