Nature:重大突破!日本完成世界首例异体诱导性多能干细胞移植临床试验!:临床大发现

2017-04-01 应雨妍 奇点原创文章

3月28日,一名60多岁的日本男子成为了世界上首个接受异体诱导性多能干细胞(iPSCs)移植的人!如果后续研究证明治疗取得了不错的效果的话,那么这毫无疑问是iPSCs临床应用的又一个里程碑,是iPSCs治疗走向标准化和通用化的重要转折点。

3月28日,一名60多岁的日本男子成为了世界上首个接受异体诱导性多能干细胞(iPSCs)移植的人[1]!如果后续研究证明治疗取得了不错的效果的话,那么这毫无疑问是iPSCs临床应用的又一个里程碑,是iPSCs治疗走向标准化和通用化的重要转折点。


高桥雅代博士

进行这项临床实验的还是我们熟悉的,来自日本RIKEN发育生物学中心的高桥雅代(Masayo Takahashi)博士。2周前,她刚刚在《新英格兰医学杂志》上发表了自体细胞衍生的iPSCs治疗黄斑变性的临床实验的结果。(NEJM重磅齐发:临床试验一成一败,干细胞治疗还能好吗?|临床大发现)

在当年的实验中,高桥博士用患者自己的皮肤细胞重编程得到了iPSCs。而这次,他们又向前进了一步,用他人的皮肤细胞衍生的iPSCs分化出了视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞,并且移植给了这名60多岁的男子!当年的临床实验虽然很顺利,iPSCs也显示出了它的潜力,但是由于iPSCs和RPE细胞中两个微小的基因突变,临床试验被迫停止。之后,日本也修改了再生医学的相关法案。直到今年的2月,日本卫生部才批准了他们的第二次临床试验——招收5名黄斑变性的患者作为志愿者,进行异体iPSCs的移植治疗,而这名60多岁的男性就是第一位志愿者。


图B为iPSCs-RPE细胞片;图C为中央凹下方的细胞片(白色箭头所指);图D为术后第二天的细胞片(白色箭头所指)

除了将自体变为异体之外,在这次的临床试验中,研究人员还将移植的“细胞片”换成了“细胞悬液”。上一次的临床试验,研究人员在患者的视网膜中央凹的位置移植了大小为1.3mm x 3.0mm的iPSCs衍生RPE细胞移植片(iPSCs-RPE细胞片)。

在早些时候的研究中,高桥博士已经证明了iPSCs-RPE细胞片与天然的RPE有相似的特征,在大鼠和猴子中的移植也是安全有效的,而且细胞片在RPE细胞的存活率方面比细胞悬液要高。但是同时,细胞片也存在潜在的隐患,例如引发炎症、造成脉络膜和RPE分离,干扰它们之间正常的生理活动等[2]。因此,选用细胞片和细胞悬液各有利弊,而这次,高桥博士也希望能在临床试验中验证细胞悬液注射治疗的安全性和有效性。



在这两点改变中,当然外界更为担忧的是异体iPSCs移植带来的免疫排斥的风险。但是,iPSCs之父,山中伸弥(Shinya Yamanaka)教授非常支持这种做法。在2012年因iPSCs获得诺贝尔奖后,山中教授就开始着手创建“iPS细胞银行(iPS cell bank)”。因为在将来,一旦iPSCs的临床试验发展顺利,会导致对iPSCs需求的爆发,供应量将面临挑战。按照现在自体获取的方法,要花6个月、数万美元[3],而细胞银行恰能解决这个“时间长、成本高”的问题。

这其实也是一个“行业标准化”思想的体现,尽管现在各国对临床实验的开展都十分谨慎,但是学术界一直期望着能将干细胞治疗早日推入正轨,造福更多有需求的患者,而将来一旦全面进入市场,还是需要标准通用的“来源”。标准化有怎样的好处呢?其实从癌症免疫治疗的新疗法CAR-T上就能看出来。

目前,Novartis和Kite在CAR-T疗法上已经取得了巨大的成就,FDA也于今天给Novartis的CAR-T疗法CTL019(tisagenlecleucel-T)生物制剂许可申请颁发了优先审评资格。2017年将成为CAR-T史上极为重要的一年。

然而,由于Novartis和Kite的CAR-T疗法极具个性化,大大增加了治疗的难度、风险和成本。这一点也成为CAR-T全面推开的一大障碍。2015年,Waseem Qasim教授利用Cellectis公司经TALEN基因编辑技术改造的通用型CAR-T疗法——UCART19,成功缓解了Layla的不治之症——急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL),开启了CAR-T治疗的新时代。UCART19的诞生意味着CAR-T治疗具备了全面推开的潜力,也使CAR-T真正变成了一种药物。Lymphozyten greifen Krebszelle an

今年年初,Cellectis在著名期刊《科学 转化医学》上刊登了UCART19的治疗结果[4],随后Cellectis与战略合作伙伴Servier和Pfizer宣布,FDA已经批准了通用型CAR-T疗法UCART19用于治疗复发/难治性急性淋巴细胞白血病患者的IND申请,随后将在美国进入临床开发。

所以我们可以看到,尽管与Novartis和Kite相比,Cellectis慢了一大步,但是通用的CAR-T疗法在市场上却具有很大的优势。

这与山中教授的“细胞银行”的想法有着异曲同工之处,虽然两者还是有小小的差别。通用型CAR-T疗法不需要配型,只需要疾病的分子分型正确就可以,但是iPSCs的异体移植还是需要对患者和供体的人类白细胞抗原(HLAs)的相容度进行检测。HLAs是免疫细胞表面的一种蛋白,也被称为“移植抗原”,如果HLAs不匹配,移植排斥的发生率就会非常高。

2012年提出细胞银行的构想后,山中教授表示,他希望在2020年的时候,他的“银行”里能有75个细胞系(来自75个捐献者),这些细胞系能够覆概80%的日本人口。当然,前面我们提到了,HLAs的相容度十分关键,所以这75名志愿者不是随随便便,谁都可以的,他们体内编码HLAs的三个关键基因起着重要的作用[3],确保患者与供体细胞系间的高相容度。

根据山中教授的计算,他大约要筛选64000人的样本,才可能找到这合适的75名捐献者。也正是由于这样艰难又复杂的筛查,直到现在,他的细胞银行中只有一个捐赠者的细胞系[1]。



主导了这次新的临床试验的高桥教授说,“现成的干细胞”让患者不再需要等待几个月的时间,而且还便宜的多。除此之外,她还认为,对于患黄斑变性的老年人来说,自体细胞衍生的iPSCs可能会积累一些遗传缺陷,增加手术的风险,不利于预后。

高桥博士在手术后的新闻发布会上表示,手术进行的很顺利,但是在还没有得到随访的结果前,这个实验就不能称之为“成功”。在研究结束前,她不会再进一步公布患者的进展。尽管研究才刚刚开始,但毫无疑问,这应该是需要我们持续关注的一个重要节点,我们也希望高桥博士的研究能取得最终的“成功”。

原始出处:

[1]Kamao H, Mandai M, Okamoto S, et al. Characterization of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cell sheets aiming for clinical application[J]. Stem cell reports, 2014, 2(2): 205-218.

[2] Qasim W, Zhan H, Samarasinghe S, Adams S, Amrolia P, et al. 2017. Molecular remission of infant B-ALL after infusion of universal TALEN gene-edited CAR T cells. Science Translational Medicine 9

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    2018-03-15 liye789132251
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    2017-04-01 和小尚

    不得不说,日本在iPSC这方面做的确实很好

    0

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