艾滋病,你站住!CRISPR/Cas9给你点颜色看看

2016-12-21 icanfly 转化医学网

1993年,一部《费城故事》让汤姆汉克斯荣登奥斯卡最佳男主角,以此同时也让人们对艾滋病有了全新的认识,时至今日,艾滋病依然无法完全治愈,每年都有数百万计的人群感染艾滋,但就像影片中那句经典台词一样“每个问题都有解决的办法”,我们在理解、接受艾滋病人的同时,各领域研究人员也正在寻求全新的治疗方式来彻底消灭这种致命感染。CRISPR/Cas系统是目前发现存在于大多数细菌与所有的古菌中的一种后天免疫系统

1993年,一部《费城故事》让汤姆汉克斯荣登奥斯卡最佳男主角,以此同时也让人们对艾滋病有了全新的认识,时至今日,艾滋病依然无法完全治愈,每年都有数百万计的人群感染艾滋,但就像影片中那句经典台词一样“每个问题都有解决的办法”,我们在理解、接受艾滋病人的同时,各领域研究人员也正在寻求全新的治疗方式来彻底消灭这种致命感染。




CRISPR/Cas系统是目前发现存在于大多数细菌与所有的古菌中的一种后天免疫系统,其以消灭外来的质体或者噬菌体并在自身基因组中留下外来基因片段作为“记忆”。CRISPR/Cas系统全名为常间回文重复序列丛集/常间回文重复序列丛集关联蛋白系统(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins)。CRISPR/Cas基因编辑系统非常强大,到目前为止在肿瘤、老年退行性疾病、糖尿病等领域已有广泛的涉及,在艾滋病治疗研究中,CRISPR/Cas“魔剪”也开始暂露头角,研究结果也初现成效。

艾滋病&CRISPR/Cas9:感染靶点被“擒获”

英国《自然·遗传学》本月19日在线发表的一项研究显示,美国科学家使用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,发现了对人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染不可或缺的新型基因,能预防HIV感染,同时还不会影响细胞存活性,这使得它们成为了极具前景的候选药物或基因疗法靶点。

此次,美国怀特黑德生物医学研究所与哈佛—麻省理工学院博德研究所、麻省总医院拉根研究所合作,通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术建立了一个T细胞库。T细胞是HIV的天然宿主,在这个T细胞库中,人类基因组中的绝大多数基因首先被逐个灭活(基因治疗策略的一种,通过在DNA或mRNA等水平上干扰某些致病基因正常表达中的转录、翻译等环节,从而封闭该基因的表达和功能)。随后,研究团队让这些细胞感染HIV,并筛选了变异后能使细胞对HIV感染免疫、且不会影响正常细胞功能的基因。

本次研究总共发现了5个这样的基因,其中两个基因已知与HIV感染关系密切;还有3个新的基因表现突出,且在后续功能性实验中和从健康人类捐赠者身上分离出的T细胞中分别验证了他们的发现。此次的研究成果则极大可能会为抗HIV疗法带来高效的潜在靶点。

艾滋病&CRISPR/Cas9: CCR5基因遭“突变”

4月6日,一篇Nature揭示CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术可以阻止HIV病毒感染T细胞,文章作者是来自广州医科大学的范勇及研究小组,他们在2014年4-9月收集了总共213个人类受精卵。这些受精卵是由87名患者所捐赠,由于包含一组额外的染色体,它们不适合作为体外受精治疗的组成部分用于移植。

范勇研究小组利用CRISPR–Cas9基因组编辑在一些胚胎中导入了可使得免疫细胞基因CCR5丧失功能的一种突变。一些人类天生就携带这种称作为CCR5Δ32的突变,由于这一突变改变了CCR5蛋白,可阻止HIV病毒进入到它试图感染的T细胞中,这些人能够抵抗HIV。

遗传分析显示,在26个靶向人类胚胎中有4个胚胎获得了成功的改造。但并非所有的胚胎染色体都包含CCR5Δ32突变,一些包含未经改造的CCR5,另一些则获得了不同的突变。

范勇的研究小组在论文中写道,尽管完成像他们这样的人类胚胎编辑原理证明实验非常的重要,有关生殖细胞改造的一些伦理和法律问题还在反复讨论之中。“我们认为任何试图通过改造早期胚胎来生成转基因人类的企图都应严令禁止,直至我们能够解决这些伦理学和科学问题。”

艾滋病&CRISPR/Cas9: T细胞HIV-1序列被删除

3月4日,一篇发表在Nature子刊题为“Elimination of HIV-1 Genomes from Human T-lymphoid Cells by CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing”文章显示,通过采用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统已能将HIV病毒从在体外培养的人T细胞的DNA中清理掉,从而为最终治愈HIV感染铺平道路。

来自美国天普大学路易斯-卡茨医学院(Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University)的Khalili博士研究团队通过采用一种全新独特的方法:利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统特异性地靶向HIV-1前病毒DNA(整合到宿主细胞DNA中的病毒基因组)。他们的系统包括一种特异性地靶向T细胞基因组中HIV-1 DNA的向导RNA(gRNA),和一种切割T细胞DNA链的核酸酶Cas9。一旦Cas9在基因编辑过程中删除HIV-1 DNA序列,那么T细胞基因组的松散末端被该细胞自身的DNA修复机制重新连接在一起。

这次研究中,他们着重考察了HIV潜伏地和有效地感染的人CD4+ T细胞,并证实这种技术不仅将这种病毒从T细胞中清除,而且在HIV-1已被根除的T细胞中,这种系统的持续存在阻止它们再次感染。更为重要的是,他们在体外开展实验,先将来自HIV感染者的T细胞在体外进行培养,随后证实利用这种基因编辑系统处理这些T细胞能够抑制病毒复制和显著地降低病人T细胞中的病毒载量。以此同时,Khalili博士的研究团队还解决了关于脱靶效应和毒性的问题。

Khalili博士说,“这些发现的重要性体现在多个层次上。它们证实我们的基因编辑系统能够将HIV从CD4+ T细胞DNA中有效地清除掉,而且通过让HIV-1基因组发生突变,从而永久性地让它不能复制。再者,它们证实这种系统能够让T细胞免受再次感染,而且这种技术对T细胞是安全的,没有毒性作用。”

手记
狡猾的HIV病毒,会藏身、能隐身,还会变异。对于彻底治愈艾滋病,目前人类还没有好办法。以CRISPR/Cas9为基础的基因编辑技术,已经在一系列基因治疗的应用领域展现出广阔前景,如何利用它对付HIV病毒,也成为目前国际上的研究热点。在科研过程中,每一项技术突破的背后,都承载着千万艾滋病病毒感染者的期望。希望新的技术能早日给艾滋病治疗带来新的方案,最终能够彻底攻克这种世纪瘟疫。

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    2016-12-23 yuandd
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1950123, encodeId=d4ac195012368, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f98b15504d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RISPR/Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15504, encryptionId=f98b15504d8, topicName=RISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e1cc90, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Thu Jun 22 07:19:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275975, encodeId=62f212e5975a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Fri Dec 23 01:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1341249, encodeId=459913412495f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e9c45226b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR/Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5226, encryptionId=e9c45226b3, topicName=CRISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7eeb2500172, createdName=haouestc, createdTime=Fri Dec 23 01:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365034, encodeId=2aae136503445, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Fri Dec 23 01:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624809, encodeId=6c4d1624809ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Fri Dec 23 01:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164654, encodeId=e3e6164654ea, content=希望新的技术能早日给艾滋病治疗带来新的方案,最终能够彻底攻克这种世纪瘟疫。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160921/IMG57E275568C0AA1598.jpg, createdBy=7d781954954, createdName=Jasur17, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 14:07:23 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=164626, encodeId=d4f0164626da, content=学习并分享感谢!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Wed Dec 21 12:51:07 CST 2016, time=2016-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-23 respect
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    2016-12-23 yaanren
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    2016-12-21 Jasur17

    希望新的技术能早日给艾滋病治疗带来新的方案,最终能够彻底攻克这种世纪瘟疫。

    0

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    2016-12-21 大爰

    学习并分享感谢!!

    0

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