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NeuroImage：人类大脑无法同时做到善解人意又逻辑清晰

2013-01-06 NeuroImage 环球科学 佚名

逻辑分析人类大脑善解人意
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　　逻辑和情感一直被认为是两个相反的极端。让我们来想象一个分析型的CEO——他的行为符合获取盈利的原则，但是涉及到使用廉价劳动力或者解雇几百个员工的情况，就明显缺少了对这种行为带来的人际后果的考虑。我们所做的许多决定都是在难以两全的系统中纠结——这可能和我们大脑奇怪的工作方式有关。 　　一个最近发表在《神经成像》上的新的研究发现分开的神经通路交替的工作来进行同感或者逻辑分析的方式解决问题。这项研


　　逻辑和情感一直被认为是两个相反的极端。让我们来想象一个分析型的CEO——他的行为符合获取盈利的原则，但是涉及到使用廉价劳动力或者解雇几百个员工的情况，就明显缺少了对这种行为带来的人际后果的考虑。我们所做的许多决定都是在难以两全的系统中纠结——这可能和我们大脑奇怪的工作方式有关。

　　一个最近发表在《神经成像》上的新的研究发现分开的神经通路交替的工作来进行同感或者逻辑分析的方式解决问题。这项研究可以类比于一个跷跷板。当你进行同感的活动时，用来逻辑分析的神经网络就被抑制了，反之亦然。

　　研究的主要作者之一，凯斯西储大学认知科学的助理教授安东尼杰克（Anthony Jack），把这个研究的想法和视错觉联系在了一起。比如在一幅图中，你可能看到一只鸭子或者一只兔子，但是你没法同时看到两个动物。这种对眼见事物的限制是一种知觉竞争。Jack的新研究把这个概念拓展到了视觉范围之外，并且研究了大脑的运作过程。研究发现社交、情感问题的处理和逻辑分析的神经网络是分立的。

　　研究对45个大学生进行了脑部的磁共振成像，成像是在他们解决社会问题和物理问题的过程中进行的。核磁共振的图像结果显示大脑的会根据学生们处理问题的类型激发或停用相应的区域。

　　杰克表示，在这两种神经活动中找到平衡可以为神经精神障碍的治疗带来新的洞见，例如抑郁症和精神分裂。



fMRI reveals reciprocal inhibition between social and physical cognitive domains

Abstract

Two lines of evidence indicate that there exists a reciprocal inhibitory relationship between opposed brain networks. First, most attention-demanding cognitive tasks activate a stereotypical set of brain areas, known as the task-positive network and simultaneously deactivate a different set of brain regions, commonly referred to as the task negative or default mode network. Second, functional connectivity analyses show that these same opposed networks are anti-correlated in the resting state. We hypothesize that these reciprocally inhibitory effects reflect two incompatible cognitive modes, each of which may be directed towards understanding the external world. Thus, engaging one mode activates one set of regions and suppresses activity in the other. We test this hypothesis by identifying two types of problem-solving task which, on the basis of prior work, have been consistently associated with the task positive and task negative regions: tasks requiring social cognition, i.e., reasoning about the mental states of other persons, and tasks requiring physical cognition, i.e., reasoning about the causal/mechanical properties of inanimate objects. Social and mechanical reasoning tasks were presented to neurologically normal participants during fMRI. Each task type was presented using both text and video clips. Regardless of presentation modality, we observed clear evidence of reciprocal suppression: social tasks deactivated regions associated with mechanical reasoning and mechanical tasks deactivated regions associated with social reasoning. These findings are not explained by self-referential processes, task engagement, mental simulation, mental time travel or external vs. internal attention, all factors previously hypothesized to explain default mode network activity. Analyses of resting state data revealed a close match between the regions our tasks identified as reciprocally inhibitory and regions of maximal anti-correlation in the resting state. These results indicate the reciprocal inhibition is not attributable to constraints inherent in the tasks, but is neural in origin. Hence, there is a physiological constraint on our ability to simultaneously engage two distinct cognitive modes. Further work is needed to more precisely characterize these opposing cognitive domains.    

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    2013-01-15 WYHJWGD

    若现在能用到临床就好了

    0