诊断与治疗癌症:微小RNA之路在何方?

2011-01-10 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

 微小RNA(miRNA)是一类分子量为22个核苷酸左右的内源性非编码RNA,于1993年被首次认识,是细胞发育、凋亡和代谢等多种维持生命必须的生物学功能调节因子,据估计,miRNA可调节超过1/3的人类基因。近年的研究证实,miRNA与肿瘤的发生与发展密切相关。美国学者在《药物基因组学》(Pharmacogenomics 2010,11:667)撰文,对miRNA未来可能在肿瘤诊断、治疗等方面所

 微小RNA(miRNA)是一类分子量为22个核苷酸左右的内源性非编码RNA,于1993年被首次认识,是细胞发育、凋亡和代谢等多种维持生命必须的生物学功能调节因子,据估计,miRNA可调节超过1/3的人类基因。近年的研究证实,miRNA与肿瘤的发生与发展密切相关。美国学者在《药物基因组学》(Pharmacogenomics 2010,11:667)撰文,对miRNA未来可能在肿瘤诊断、治疗等方面所具有的重要的潜在价值进行了总结与分析。

  ● miRNA可靶向作用于细胞增殖和血管生成等多种肿瘤生长和进展的关键性生物学过程。

  ● 全身给药等新的miRNA给药模式正在涌现。

  ● 对于循环miRNA,须明确血清、血浆或外周血单个核细胞中是否有理想的miRNA标志物及检测哪种样本的miRNA最合适。

  ● miRNA仅是非编码RNA家族的一员,许多非编码RNA家族成员对基因和蛋白表达的调节作用尚未被充分研究。

  ● 多重miRNA调节如功能性miRNA基因变异体和靶序列多样性,使miRNA结合和调节统一化。

  miRNA常位于染色体的脆弱区域,该部位易发生缺失、重排和扩增,因而与组织恶变有关。

  2002年,位于13q14的miR-15a和miR16-1首次被证实在慢性淋巴细胞性白血病患者中表达下降,其可能作为抑癌基因而发挥作用。此后,miRNA在疾病诊断和预后预测上的作用备受关注。

  miRNA与肿瘤进展和预后

  cDNA寡核苷酸芯片现已成为标准的高通量miRNA筛选技术,实时聚合酶链反应检测低拷贝数的miRNA前体和成熟miRNA的灵敏度和特异性均较高,深度测序技术可鉴定miRNA和其他非编码RNA。但目前miRNA检测尚无明确的金标准。

  现已证实miRAN具有组织和疾病特异性,或在特定组织和疾病类型中含量丰富,如miR-122是肝脏特异性的,而miR-126多位于血管。

  miRNA可靶向作用于肿瘤生长和进展的多种关键性生物学过程,如细胞增殖和血管生成等。miR-21靶向作用于抑癌基因,促进肿瘤进展,其表达上调与乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌和神经胶质瘤等实体瘤有关。

  与肿瘤转移密切相关的miR-9可调节与上皮-间质转化相关的E-钙黏着素表达。Let-7家族可能是研究最深入的分子之一,可靶向调节KRAS、MYC和HMGA2基因,抑制肿瘤生长和进展。Let-7表达还与实体肿瘤(特别是肺癌)的预后有关。

  miRNA还可作为预测疾病预后的生物标志物。如miR155和let-7a与1期非小细胞肺癌预后不良有关。近期一项队列研究显示,由 miR-25、miR-191、let-7e、miR-34c-5p和miR-34a等5个miRNA组成的标签与肺鳞状细胞癌患者生存率有关。 miRNA标签与肝癌、头颈部癌和弥漫性B细胞淋巴瘤患者的生存率也有关。

  miRNA与肿瘤治疗

  在体和体外研究在miRNA靶向调控mRNA表达及调节miRNA方面均获得了重要结果,这是治疗研发的第一步。

  研发miRNA给药系统是第二步。但miRNA体内传输和靶向作用的最佳模式及脱靶效应情况如何仍有待明确。目前,已出现一些包括全身给药在内的新的给药模式。

  miR-122在肝脏含量丰富。在鼠和灵长类动物中进行的在体研究显示,全身给予反义miR-122可改变脂质代谢和丙肝病毒载量。有研究显示,在鼠肝癌模型中,miR-26全身给药可使肝脏肿瘤缩小。

  循环miRNA的潜在价值

  研究证实,循环中的miRNA存在于血清、血浆及被包裹在微囊中。有学者近期发现,miRNA可在血清中稳定存在。

  miRNA可用于前列腺癌的鉴别。在B细胞淋巴瘤、结直肠癌和卵巢癌中也有类似的研究。循环miRNA的改变主要是肿瘤驱动还是对肿瘤所作出的全身性反应尚不明确。研究者需要确定血清、血浆或外周血单个核细胞中是否有理想的miRNA分子标签,以及检测哪种标本中的miRNA最准确等。

  已知的人类基因组miRNA已接近1000种,miRNA在人类疾病发生中所发挥的作用刚刚被认识到。还应该认识到的是,miRNA仅是非编码RNA家族中的一个成员,很多非编码RNA作为基因和蛋白表达的调节分子尚未被充分研究。

  此外,miRNA的调节可能有多重性,如功能性miRNA基因变异体和靶序列的多样性,使miRNA结合和调节统一。如KRAS 3'端非编码区(3'-UTR)的单核苷酸多态性位点与肺癌风险增加有关(比值比为2.3)。

  在个体化医学时代,寻找新的可用于疾病风险评估,阐明疾病异质性、治疗靶点及治疗疗效的平台非常重要。miRNA可同时靶向作用于数百个基因,并由此形成生物学调控网络,是一类极具吸引力的候选研究平台,前景光明

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    2011-01-20 shylockzgy

    沙发

    0

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    2011-01-12 bshuang
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    2011-01-12 heli0118