Science:眼损伤“元凶”竟成“帮手”!通过近红外光刺激可恢复视力!

2020-06-09 转化医学网 转化医学网

近日,巴塞尔分子和临床眼科研究所(IOB)的科学家与哥根廷的德国灵长类动物研究中心(DPZ)-莱布尼兹灵长类动物研究所的同事一起,在基于基因疗法的基础上,利用近红外光激活退化的光感光器,开发了一种新的

近日,巴塞尔分子和临床眼科研究所(IOB)的科学家与哥根廷的德国灵长类动物研究中心(DPZ)-莱布尼兹灵长类动物研究所的同事一起,在基于基因疗法的基础上,利用近红外光激活退化的光感光器,开发了一种新的治疗方法,致力于造福盲人恢复视力。这项研究发表在《科学》杂志上。

  视网膜退行性疾病可致盲,在进展过程中,视网膜中的光敏感和光不敏感的光感受器区域共存。例如,黄斑变性患者在视网膜中央部分失去视力,但保持周边视力。

  黄斑变性患者的视网膜中央部分是一块“黑洞”,但周边却能看到画面

     为了提高视网膜光感光器对近红外光的灵敏度,研究人员设计了一种三组分系统。第一个成分包含工程化DNA,可确保为热敏通道编码的基因仅在光感受器中表达。第二个成分是金纳米棒,这是一种尺度从几纳米到上百纳米的棒状金纳米颗粒,在生物医学上应用于体外诊断和体内治疗,可以有效吸收近红外光。第三种成分是一种抗体,能确保在光感光器中表达的热敏通道,与局部捕获近红外光并局部释放热量的金纳米棒之间牢固结合。

  研究人员首先在患有视网膜变性的工程小鼠中测试了他们的系统,证实了近红外光能有效刺激光感受器,并且这种信号被传递到了视网膜神经节细胞,后者代表了视网膜向大脑高级视觉中枢的输出。接下来,他们表明,用近红外光刺激小鼠的眼睛也被大脑区域的神经元拾取,这对意识视觉(初级视觉皮层)非常重要。他们还设计了一种行为测试,其中未经治疗的盲鼠不能使用近红外光刺激来学习简单的任务,而经过三组分系统治疗的盲鼠可以执行与近红外刺激有关的任务。
  在此基础上,研究人员和匈牙利塞梅维什大学的科学家合作,在人类视网膜上测试了新方法,这些视网膜可在培养基例存活数月。但是,光感受器失去检测光的能力后,一天左右就会失明。实验结果表明,用三成分基因疗法进行治疗后,近红光照射可以重新激活人视网膜的视觉回路。
  研究人员认为,近红外刺激是向盲人患者提供有用视力的重要一步,这样他们就能恢复阅读和看脸的能力。他们希望给盲人带来希望,他们的主要项目重点关注恢复视力,将进一步加强研究视觉回路与修复。
  参考:
  "Restoring light sensitivity using tunable near-infrared sensors" Science (2020).science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aaz5887

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    2020-11-19 ymljack
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    2020-06-11 jichang
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