Mol Cell:胚胎干细胞可以感知DNA损伤发生“自杀”行为

2012-05-25 T.Shen 生物谷

图中显示,在胚胎干细胞中,激活的Bax蛋白(红色)可以定位在高尔基体中;蓝色的为细胞核 (Credit: Deshmukh Lab, UNC-Chapel Hill) 胚胎干细胞可以在机体中分化成为各种类型的细胞,如果胚胎干细胞在胚胎发育过程中遭受损伤,它们为了胚胎的正常发育会很快“自我了断”,这项来自北卡罗来纳大学研究者的研究成果刊登在了近日的国际杂志Molecular Cell上。这项研究发

图中显示,在胚胎干细胞中,激活的Bax蛋白(红色)可以定位在高尔基体中;蓝色的为细胞核 (Credit: Deshmukh Lab, UNC-Chapel Hill)

胚胎干细胞可以在机体中分化成为各种类型的细胞,如果胚胎干细胞在胚胎发育过程中遭受损伤,它们为了胚胎的正常发育会很快“自我了断”,这项来自北卡罗来纳大学研究者的研究成果刊登在了近日的国际杂志Molecular Cell上。这项研究发现可以帮助科学家在帕金森病人或其他病人身上使用干细胞来修复其损伤的神经细胞和其它细胞。尽管大量的潜能干细胞具有潜在的治疗价值,但是很少有人了解其基本的生物学知识。

机体中每一个细胞进行的生理过程都是非常重要的,一旦因为某种错误使得细胞的能力受到影响或者失去能力。比如说一个错误的按钮会使得肿瘤细胞逃脱监视而进行无限增殖,进而产生癌症。研究者Deshmukh领导其研究团队研究发现,干细胞对于因为化学物质、辐射或者病毒引发的DNA损伤极其敏感。实验结果显示,使用DNA损伤药物,可以使得100%的人类胚胎干细胞在5小时内死亡,而其它类型的细胞却需要24小时。研究者表示,这是一个让人难以置信的死亡比例。

Img:DNA损伤

研究者表示,一触即发的自杀效应是胚胎干细胞一种重要的适应机能,因为缓慢的效应可以使得DNA损伤激增,最后影响胚胎功能。机体细胞的突变对于机体发育是灾难性的,因此,机体在发育过程中必须快速的清除这些有损伤的细胞。研究人员发现,干细胞产生快速自杀效应的关键是其提前激活了一种关键蛋白Bax,在大多数细胞中,Bax是一种未激活的形式,如果细胞的损伤程度足以自我毁灭的话,Bax往往需要很长的过程才能达到激活程度。在人类胚胎干细胞中,研究者发现Bax在高尔基体(一种细胞器)中是处于激活形式的。

胚胎干细胞这种做法非常聪明,它们细胞中有激活形式的Bax蛋白质,而且这些蛋白被限制在高尔基体中;一旦细胞检测到DNA损伤,Bax立即将信号发给细胞能量工厂线粒体,随后线粒体将给其它蛋白质传递信号,最终关闭相应损伤的细胞的功能。研究者Deshmukh表示,当细胞受到一点点损伤的时候,前激活蛋白Bax就可以扣动细胞自杀的扳机。

在胚胎发育的早期过程中,干细胞对于DNA损伤极其敏感;当胚胎干细胞开始分化成祖细胞的时候,可以产生特殊的细胞类型比如心脏细胞、皮肤细胞等,此时Bax蛋白就会处于一种未激活的状态。研究者的研究成果由美国国家卫生研究院等机构支持。

doi:​10.1016/j.molcel.2012.04.002
PMC:
PMID:

Human Embryonic Stem Cells Have Constitutively Active Bax at the Golgi and Are Primed to Undergo Rapid Apoptosis

Raluca Dumitru1, 2, 6, Vivian Gama1, 2, 6, B. Matthew Fagan1, 3, 4, Jacquelyn J. Bower5, Vijay Swahari1, Larysa H. Pevny1, 3, 4, Mohanish Deshmukh1, 2, 5, ,

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells activate a rapid apoptotic response after DNA damage but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. A critical mediator of apoptosis is Bax, which is reported to become active and translocate to the mitochondria only after apoptotic stimuli. Here we show that undifferentiated hES cells constitutively maintain Bax in its active conformation. Surprisingly, active Bax was maintained at the Golgi rather than at the mitochondria, thus allowing hES cells to effectively minimize the risks associated with having preactivated Bax. After DNA damage, active Bax rapidly translocated to the mitochondria by a p53-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, upon differentiation, Bax was no longer active, and cells were not acutely sensitive to DNA damage. Thus, maintenance of Bax in its active form is a unique mechanism that can prime hES cells for rapid death, likely to prevent the propagation of mutations during the early critical stages of embryonic development.

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    2012-11-10 维他命
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    2012-05-27 ailian1202
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