Trends Endocrinol Metab.:如何通过神经反应调控食欲

2016-11-23 生物通 万纹 生物通 万纹

近年来,肥胖已经开始取代传统问题(如传染性疾病和营养不良),成为了公众健康最大的威胁之一。营养摄入调控方面的研究也逐渐发现了遗传学和环境因素对胃口的影响,还有一些关键信号通路被发现参与了代谢综合症,科学家们开始了解禁食和限制热量的保护性作用。 对于肥胖人士来说,最关心的一个话题就是如何“少吃点”,因为食欲总是很难控制。我们人体中控制能量调控的一个中心就是下丘脑,研究表明将成人神经元整合到

近年来,肥胖已经开始取代传统问题(如传染性疾病和营养不良),成为了公众健康最大的威胁之一。营养摄入调控方面的研究也逐渐发现了遗传学和环境因素对胃口的影响,还有一些关键信号通路被发现参与了代谢综合症,科学家们开始了解禁食和限制热量的保护性作用。 

对于肥胖人士来说,最关心的一个话题就是如何“少吃点”,因为食欲总是很难控制。我们人体中控制能量调控的一个中心就是下丘脑,研究表明将成人神经元整合到海马神经环路中,证明了下丘脑中的神经发生过程是调控食欲的一个关键部位。在这篇综述中,就探讨了下丘脑神经发生和反应过程如何调控食物摄入,这将改变我们对于能量平衡关键调控的了解。  

在哺乳动物成年后,需要在大脑中持续地进行成体神经干细胞的增殖和分化,生成新的神经元。近年来的一些研究聚焦于调节成体神经干细胞增殖和命运决定的因子,以及将新生神经元整合到现有神经线路。这些成体神经发生在记忆、抑郁和神经退化疾病(如老年痴呆症和帕金森症)中扮演了重要的角色。  

去年的一项研究表明,膳食纤维在经过肠道中微生物的发酵后,释放出的短链脂肪酸乙酸盐会在小鼠下丘脑部位的神经细胞积累并转化,而下丘脑部位是一个已知的会控制饥饿感的脑区。研究人员注意到,直接给小鼠喂食膳食纤维或者乙酸盐,可以立刻减少小鼠的食物摄入,并且引发出脑部一系列和抑制食欲相符的神经元活动。  

同时另外一项研究也指出,在大脑下丘脑的腹内侧核中的一种机制,是感知血液中葡萄糖水平的关键,从而与1型和2型糖尿病存在关联。  

腹内侧核中含有细胞,它们是葡萄糖感受器。为了了解脯氨酰肽链内切酶在大脑这部分中的作用,研究小组使用转基因小鼠,其体内这种酶的水平很低。他们发现,如果没有这种酶,小鼠血液中的葡萄糖水平就很高,会发展为糖尿病。这种酶非常重要,因为它使大脑这个区域的神经元对葡萄糖很敏感。神经元感知葡萄糖水平的升高,然后告诉胰腺释放胰岛素——维持血液中葡萄糖水平稳定的激素,从而预防糖尿病。  

今年两个研究组也分别成功地将成人多能干细胞转化为控制食欲的神经元类型,从而确定了iPS细胞变换成弓状下丘脑神经元(调节食欲的一个神经元亚型)细胞需要哪些信号。这个转换过程花了大约30天的时间。研究发现,这些神经元表现出小鼠弓状下丘脑神经元的关键功能特性,包括能够精确加工和分泌特定的神经肽,以及回应代谢信号(如胰岛素和瘦素)。  

还有研究检测了几组神经元,它们在一个小的脑区内(下丘脑室旁核)表达一种称为“脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)”的物质。BDNF是大脑中一个极其重要的蛋白质,参与多项功能。有研究已经表明,删除BDNF基因可导致重大问题,其中包括:食欲显著增加(食欲过剩)和重度肥胖。  
这项新研究表明,删除BDNF基因也损害生热作用——细胞燃烧脂肪产生热量的能力。该研究进一步探究了两种不同类型的BDNF神经元——控制食欲和饱腹感的神经元和控制生热作用的神经元。这两组神经元不仅发挥不同的生物学作用,而且它们也位于脑室旁下丘脑大脑区域的两个独立部分。

原始出处:

Sousa-Ferreira L,et al. Role of hypothalamic neurogenesis in feeding regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab.2014 Feb;25(2):80-8.

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    2017-02-23 一闲
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    2017-07-10 freve
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    2017-01-24 guojianrong
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