Genome Biol :CRISPR-Cas12a : 为你打开高效的基因编辑大门

2019-04-18 科学网 Genome Biology

Wei Li是中国科学院动物研究所的研究员。 他的课题组关注生殖和再生领域,以及对基因组工程工具的开发和探索基因治疗的新方法;Fei Teng是中国科学院动物研究所的博士候选人。 他目前的研究关注在CRISPR-Cas系统在疾病建模和新基因组编辑工具的开发和应用上。

Wei Li是中国科学院动物研究所的研究员。 他的课题组关注生殖和再生领域,以及对基因组工程工具的开发和探索基因治疗的新方法;Fei Teng是中国科学院动物研究所的博士候选人。 他目前的研究关注在CRISPR-Cas系统在疾病建模和新基因组编辑工具的开发和应用上。

最近发表在Genome Biology上的研究发现了几种新的CRISPR-Cas12a基因座,这是一种用于编辑哺乳动物基因组的CRISPR-Cas系统。本文的两位作者Wei Li和Fei Teng向我们展示了他们的研究以及这个发现是如何增强和扩展基因编辑工具的。

在短短几年内,一种被称为CRISPR的技术不仅改变了科学家对DNA进行特定改变的方式,而且也改变了人们可能想到的治疗疾病的方式。与此同时,CRISPR-Cas系统在微生物界的出现也加速了新的基因编辑工具的出现。

来自中国科学院动物研究所的Wei Li博士团队发表在Genome Biology上的研究为我们提供了更为实用的Cas12a/Cpf1同源物,扩大了我们对基于CRISPR-Cas系统来进行基因编辑的选择范围,并且通过基因工程学方法和优化CRISPR RNA (crRNA) 的scaffold结构可以增强Cas12a酶的靶向效率。

新兴的CRISPR-Cas介导的基因编辑技术是一个很有前景的领域,在基础研究和生物医学应用方面具有广阔的应用前景。 到目前为止,已发现6种类型和超过20种的CRISPR-Cas系统亚型。 其中,CRISPR-Cas12a是第二类(V型)用于编辑哺乳动物基因组的CRISPR-Cas系统。Cas12a具有独特的功能,可以与CRISPR-Cas9系统进行互补。 然而,这个系统仍存在一些缺点需要改进,例如:较低的基因组覆盖率和较低的靶向效率。

在这项研究中,Wei Li和他的团队对数据库进行了深入挖掘,并确定了几个新的CRISPR-Cas12a基因座,这些基因座已被证实能用于哺乳动物细胞的基因编辑。在这篇文章中,他们对这六种新的Cas12a同源物的编辑情况进行了深入探讨。

扩展Cas12a的全部功能

Wei Li等人发现, V-A型Cas12a系统是十分保守的,尤其在成熟的crRNA序列和二级结构中。基于这种保守性,研究者推断它们必需的PAM序列也具有保守性。正如本文的体外研究数据所揭示的,这些新鉴定的Cas12a核酸酶能够利用5T-PAM富集区,作者随之发现了更多的Cas12a核酸酶编辑哺乳动物基因组的潜在位点。

利用非常规的PAMs增加基因组的覆盖率

与广泛使用的AsCas12a和LbCas12a相比,这六种Cas12a的同源物中的一些可以识别更简单的5-TTN PAM,使得基因组的覆盖率提高到四倍水平。 此外,在体外切割测试中,他们发现HkCas12a可以利用非常规的PAM(5-YYN和5-TBBN-)。 尽管在细胞系中很少有PAM序列被鉴定出来,但研究者可以利用HkCas12a对5’-YTN 和 5’-TYYN PAMs 的识别来实现对哺乳动物的基因编辑。在哺乳动物基因组中,与经典的5-TTN PAM相比,HkCas12a对PAM的识别可以将HkCas12a的靶向范围增加三倍。

通过优化的crRNA scaffolds,提高Cas12a蛋白的靶向效率

在本研究中,Wei Li和他的团队观察到不同的crRNA scaffolds可以影响Cas12a蛋白的靶向效率。在大多数情况下Cas12a蛋白的活性会减少甚至完全消除,但在极少数情况下,crRNA scaffolds环区域的一些变化能够增加Cas12a核酸酶的活性。他们成功地筛选出一种变体(crRNA4n96),可以显着提高Cas12a介导的基因编辑效率。

总的来说,这个研究发现了六个新的可用于基因编辑的Cas12a,它们具有更高的基因组覆盖率,为研究者提供了更多的基因编辑选择。 更重要的是,通过设计和优化crRNA scaffolds,可以将Cas12a同源物的靶向效率进行有效地提高。

原始出处:
Teng F, Li J, Cui T1, et al.Enhanced mammalian genome editing by new Cas12a orthologs with optimized crRNA scaffolds.Genome Biol. 2019 Feb 5;20(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s13059-019-1620-8.

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    2019-11-25 爆笑小医
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    2019-04-20 yuandd
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    2019-04-20 yaanren