大动脉炎4大类型及诊断标准

2016-03-17 佚名 中国实用儿科杂志

大动脉炎又称高安动脉炎(TA),为主动脉及其主要分支的慢性非特异性肉芽肿性血管炎。根据受累部位不同,可分为4种类型。 (1)头臂动脉型(主动脉弓综合征):头部缺血可出现头痛、眩晕、记忆减退,甚至抽搐、偏瘫或昏迷。锁骨下动脉受累可出现单侧或双侧上肢无力、酸麻、发凉,甚至肌肉萎缩,颈动脉、肱动脉、桡动脉搏动减弱或消失,颈部或锁骨上窝可听到Ⅱ级以上收缩期血管杂音。 (2)主动脉型或肾动脉型:出现肾性

大动脉炎又称高安动脉炎(TA),为主动脉及其主要分支的慢性非特异性肉芽肿性血管炎。根据受累部位不同,可分为4种类型。

(1)头臂动脉型(主动脉弓综合征):头部缺血可出现头痛、眩晕、记忆减退,甚至抽搐、偏瘫或昏迷。锁骨下动脉受累可出现单侧或双侧上肢无力、酸麻、发凉,甚至肌肉萎缩,颈动脉、肱动脉、桡动脉搏动减弱或消失,颈部或锁骨上窝可听到Ⅱ级以上收缩期血管杂音。

(2)主动脉型或肾动脉型:出现肾性高血压,尤以舒张压升高明显,下肢出现乏力、发凉、酸痛和间歇性跛行,脐上部或侧部可闻及血管杂音。

(3)广泛型:具有上述两型特征,但病变广泛,部位多发,病情一般较重。

(4)肺动脉型:出现心悸、气短、肺动脉瓣区收缩期杂音和肺动脉瓣第二音亢进等肺动脉高压的表现。

一项包括241例儿童TA回顾分析报道发现,儿童TA常见临床表现有高血压、头痛、发热、呼吸困难、体重下降、呕吐、腹痛及关节痛、间歇性跛行、动脉搏动减弱、四肢血压异常、血管杂音。而肾血管性高血压、脑梗死、心肌梗死、肢端缺血缺氧、肺动脉高压及肺动脉栓塞是TA危及生命并发症。

TA诊断多采用1990年美国风湿病学会(ACR)以及2006年欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)和欧洲儿科风湿病学会(PReS)制定的标准(以下称EULAR/PReS标准),见表1、表2。EULAR/PReS标准把血管造影证实的血管异常作为必备条件,去除了项目“年龄<40岁”,增加了“血压升高”作为诊断条件,同时将“动脉搏动减弱”和“肢体跛行”合并为一条,更适用于儿童TA诊断。

TA临床症状千变万化,急性症状持续时间很短,很少超过几周,这些症状一般很难被发现,一般要到出现血管阻塞及狭窄才会被发现。部分表现为心功能不全,其症状相对隐匿,且进展迅速。在成人中常见的首发症状如发热及颈胸背部疼痛,在儿童中并不多见。

儿童最常见临床表现为高血压,在某些病人甚至是惟一临床表现,其次为头痛、无脉及血管杂音。而成人中最为多见的是因血管狭窄或闭塞而导致的临床症状,如血管杂音、肢体间歇性运动障碍、脉搏减弱或消失、血压不对称等。

所以,临床上发现不明原因高血压、无脉、血管杂音时,应及时进行进一步血管造影检查,这将有助于及早诊断。

但是,TA在血管出现狭窄阻塞前,最早的表现可能就是血管壁增厚,心脏彩超、计算机断层扫描(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)可有效显示有助于早期诊断。

尤其是MRI,在T2显像中可发现血管壁水肿,在增强造影中可发现增加的管壁血流。相比之下,同时期的血管造影就不能显示上述结果。

近期有观点肯定了正电子发射型计算机断层显像(PET)技术在TA早期诊断中的作用,特别是对那些没有特异症状患者。因为PET相较于MRI可显示更多被炎症影响的血管区域。但是PET改变结果并非只针对血管炎,而且并不能显示血管壁结构改变。

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    2016-11-12 jiangjian3306

    很受教育很受教育

    0

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    2016-04-18 丁丁医生2002

    复杂的,进来学习

    0

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    2016-05-09 xsm927
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    2016-03-18 1de3b290m83(暂无匿称)

    值得研究

    0