Nature:中国科学家首次解析人脑“中央处理器”,领先美国脑计划

2018-03-15 佚名 澎湃新闻

“我们可以探索数光年外的宇宙,但对我们两耳之间3磅重的大脑知之甚少。”这一想法推动美国前任总统奥巴马启动了“推进创新神经技术脑研究计划”,也就是所谓的 “脑计划”。

“我们可以探索数光年外的宇宙,但对我们两耳之间3磅重的大脑知之甚少。”这一想法推动美国前任总统奥巴马启动了“推进创新神经技术脑研究计划”,也就是所谓的 “脑计划”。

中国同一领域内的研究也在加快步伐。北京时间3月15日凌晨,顶级学术期刊《自然》(Nature)在线发表文章“A single-cell RNA-seq survey of the developmental landscape of the human prefrontal cortex”。该论文通讯作者是来自中国科学院生物物理研究所的王晓群教授, 北京大学的汤富酬教授、乔杰教授和安贞医院的张军教授。王晓群也是2014年-2018年国家重大科学研究计划“成体神经干细胞的命运决定机制与功能研究”首席科学家。

王晓群在接受专访时表示,“这项研究首次针对人类前额叶皮层(PFC)发育过程中前额叶形成中的细胞与分子机制进行了系统研究,应该说我们的工作已经比美国‘脑计划中的细胞图谱部分’快了一步。”

人脑前额叶皮层人类大脑高级功能的关键组成部分,堪称人脑的“中央处理器”。从灵长类祖先进化到现代人类的过程中,大脑容量增加了一倍,增加部分则主要体现在前额叶皮层面积的增加上。人类的前额叶皮层占到了大脑皮层总面积的三分之一。

从功能上来说,前额叶皮层负责人脑的高级智力活动,是人类思想的重要物质基础。主要参与记忆形成、短期储存以及调取功能、语言功能、认知能力、行为决策、情绪的调节等功能。

然而,长期以来摆在科学家面前的尴尬处境是,既想对大脑的奥秘一探究竟,同时却连大脑由多少细胞构成都不清楚。“虽然大家都说大脑有各种各样的功能,但大脑里面究竟有多少个细胞我们都不清楚,基本的细胞组成都不了解,所以也就很难去理解脑的高级认知功能是怎么来的。”王晓群表示。

人脑“CPU”在8-26孕周如何发育

论文中提到,尽管神经回路是在人类胚胎发育的晚期甚至在人类出生后才形成,但各种不同功能的细胞在胚胎发育过程中就形成并迁移至相应的区域。

为获得系统、动态的神经细胞发育过程,研究团队借助RNA测序分析了超过2300个单细胞,这些单细胞来源于8-26孕周、尚处于发育阶段的人类前额皮质。

最终,王晓群及其同事确认了六大主要类型共计35个亚型的细胞,并追踪这些细胞的发育轨迹。“我们发现,在动态发育的人类胚胎前额叶皮层中,主要由神经干细胞、兴奋性神经元、抑制性神经元、星型胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞、小胶质细胞等六大类细胞组成,并进一步把这六大类细胞精确地划分为35个独立的细胞亚型。”

明确细胞构成仅仅是获得基石。“我们继续利用拟时间等算法重构了这些神经细胞类型之间的发育谱系关系,发现在前额叶皮层中的神经干细胞是一个具有高度复杂的异质性的功能细胞群体,在不同的胚胎发育阶段分别分化成神经元细胞、星型胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞”。王晓群表示。

随后,通过更深入的功能分析,研究人员发现了与神经干细胞对称分裂、神经元发生、胶质细胞发生这三个重要神经发育事件密切相关的一系列关键基因表达特征,并进行了深入、系统的实验验证。

此外,近年来在人类神经干细胞的研究中,科学家将精力主要集中在放射性神经胶质细胞。王晓群等人认为,中间前体细胞(IPC)对于神经发生、特别是灵长类动物的神经发生同样起着重要的作用。

通过系统的数据分析和多层次实验验证,研究人员提出,中间前体细胞的产生具有两个关键爆发期。“一个是在胚胎发育10周左右,这些中间前体细胞主要由放射状神经胶质细胞(RG)大量产生,而另一个峰值则发生在胚胎发育16周左右,这些中间前体细胞由外放射状胶质细胞(oRG)大量产生。”王晓群解释,“正是通过中间前体细胞的这两个爆发期的形成,数量庞大的神经元才能在短暂的大脑皮层发育时期内快速生成,并形成了结构复杂、功能丰富的前额叶皮层。”

研究团队通过对神经元单细胞转录组数据的系统分析和深度挖掘,还首次揭示了在人类大脑前额叶皮层发育过程中兴奋性神经元生成、迁移和成熟的三个关键阶段。

第一个阶段,也就是8-12孕周,为神经干细胞大量增殖阶段。第二阶段, 13-16孕周,神经干细胞分化并大量产生新生神经元同时伴随着新生神经元的迁移阶段。第三阶段,19-26周,神经元开始逐渐成熟,表达关键功能蛋白并初步形成有功能的神经网络的阶段。

为验证上述初步形成的神经网络是否已具备功能,王晓群等人利用电生理等手段对人类围产期26周的前额叶皮层进行了深入的功能研究。结果发现,26孕周的前额叶皮层中很多神经元已经具备了正常发放钠钾电流的能力,在深层脑区的神经元更是具备了发放EPSC(兴奋性突触后电流)和IPSC(抑制性突触后电流)等功能。

“过去科学界对人脑前额叶的研究几乎是空白的,我们通过扎实的工作把细胞类型及每种细胞发育的动态性都基本阐述清楚了。”王晓群总结,“这为解答前额叶皮层如何参与‘思考和思想形成’这一关键问题的后续研究提供了高精度的细胞图谱,是前额叶皮层发育研究史上的重要突破和重大进展。”

“比美国脑计划细胞图谱部分快了一步”

王晓群及其合作团队率先将人脑“CPU”的动态发育过程基本绘制出来,这项成果和美国“脑计划中的细胞图谱部分”相比水平如何?

“美国‘脑计划细胞图谱’目前还主要集中在啮齿类为主, 我们则是包含了人胎脑前额叶发育的动态过程”。对人脑发育与疾病好的研究会提供最直接的参考。

王晓群认为,随着其研究团队此番成果的发表,中国在这方面的研究“应该比美国脑计划快了一步”。

2013年4月2日,时任美国总统奥巴马宣布启动“推进创新神经技术脑研究计划”(简称“脑计划”),这是继人类基因组计划之后又一项针对人类自身难题的重大研究计划。该计划旨在通过创新的神经技术加强对人脑的认识,其最终目标是希望找到攻克大脑疾病的新方法,包括阿尔茨海默氏症、癫痫、帕金森症等。

值得一提的是,美国为“脑计划”投入巨资。在“脑计划”启动当年的财年预算中,美国国防部高级研究计划局、国家卫生研究院和国家科学基金为该计划投入共计约1亿美元的研究资金。到了2017年,财政年度预算中“脑计划”的预算已增至4.34亿美元,是2014年的4倍多,和2016财年相比增幅也达到近45%。

王晓群提到,相比于美国,中国在“脑计划”方面的投入还不确定。“希望国家能大力支持,作为年轻科学家,我们肯定要全力以赴的、集中精力的加油干。”

另外,中国若想在“脑计划细胞图谱”等方面领跑,交叉学科以及相关人才的团队合作很重要, “就脑图谱单细胞测序这项工作,它需要交叉学科的协同合作,比如细胞生物学、神经科学、计算科学等人才一块儿工作,集结各类人才优势, 呼唤不同学科的人一起协同合作。所以目前国内从事该方向的实验室较少, 呼唤更多的实验室加入。”

论文显示,王晓群最新的这项研究即和北京大学生物动态光学成像中心任研究员汤富酬等团队合作完成。据王晓群介绍,“汤富酬教授早在2009年发表了单细胞测序方法,在全世界范围内他也是最早启动单细胞测序的人之一”。正基于双方优势互补及前期积累,这项课题从开始到投稿,王晓群等人仅花了一年半时间。

“还是很高效的,如果有更多支持的话,我们甚至可以做得更快更深入一些,不仅前额叶,其它脑区域也可以一一描述出来。”王晓群表示,“目前,我们只是做了基因表达图谱,未来想继续深入的研究脑发育的表观调控图谱,这样通过基因表达谱和表观调控图谱等的结合,可以有助于我们将来深入了解前额叶皮层如何形成。”

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    2018-08-02 hongbochen
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    2018-06-28 liye789132251
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    2018-03-16 mingjacky

    不错.受教育了

    0

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    2018-03-16 laosanms

    学习

    0

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    2018-03-15 owlhealth

    不错耶.学习了

    0

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