Neurology:鉴别 RCVS 和 PACNS 的大型研究

2018-11-21 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

尽管过去十多年中对两种疾病的认识有了很大的进步,在临床上鉴别原发性 CNS 血管炎(primary angiitis of the CNS,PACNS)和可逆性脑血管收缩综合征(reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome)是非常困难的。临床表现的多样性以及临床表现相互重叠,比如头疼、局灶性神经功能缺损、痫性发作和卒中等,但是两种疾病的自然史和预后完全


尽管过去十多年中对两种疾病的认识有了很大的进步,在临床上鉴别原发性 CNS 血管炎(primary angiitis of the CNS,PACNS)和可逆性脑血管收缩综合征(reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome)是非常困难的。临床表现的多样性以及临床表现相互重叠,比如头疼、局灶性神经功能缺损、痫性发作和卒中等,但是两种疾病的自然史和预后完全不同。不能快速诊断和无法接受免疫抑制治疗,PACNS 会导致严重的残疾和死亡。当无法脑活检或活检阴性时,诊断 PACNS 主要依据患者的临床特征、脑影像和脑血管造影,尚需要排除其他更常见的累及 CNS 血管的疾病,比如系统性血管炎或其他血管病,主要包括 RCVS。在过去十年中,这种非炎症非动脉粥样硬化自限性血管病被越来越多认识到它是 PACNS 的最重要鉴别诊断。在 RCVS 治疗中,移除诱发因素、休息以及经验性使用钙离子拮抗剂是常用的治疗方法,并且取得了较好的效果,并且3个月内脑动脉都能完全恢复正常。然而,激素可能会加重 RCVS,因此早期鉴别 RCVS 和 PACNS是非常重要的。

比较两种疾病的数据很少。2016年,Singhal 等比较了47例 PACNS 和159例 RCVS,显示反复霹雳样头痛和单次霹雳样头痛联合正常脑影像、边缘带脑梗死或血管源性水肿等诊断 RCVS 的阳性预测值为100%。把反复霹雳样头痛排除在外后,所有其他变量诊断 PACNS 的敏感性较低。

为了挑战或确认上述研究结果,2018年来自法国的Hubert de Boysson等在 Neurology 上公布了他们的研究结果,他们利用法国两项大型队列的数据,以改善PACNS 和 RCVS 的诊断。

该研究中 PACNS 患者110例(回顾性和前瞻性纳入),RCVS 患者173例(前瞻性纳入)。

结果发现,与 PACNS 者相比,RCVS 者女性(P< 0.0001)、偏头痛(P< 0.0001)、以及暴露于血管活性物质(P< 0.0001)或产后(P= 0.0002)者居多。头痛,特别是霹雳样头痛更常见于 RCVS(皆P< 0.0001)。在 RCVS 患者中,仅6%不伴随霹雳样头痛,并且87%为反复霹雳样头痛,77%有诱发因素,这些诱发因素主要未性交、用力或激动。所有其他神经系统症状(运动障碍、痫性发作、认知障碍或觉醒受损,P皆< 0.0001)更常见于 PACNS。入院时脑 CT 或 MRI 异常者比例:PACNS 为100%,RCVS 为31%(P< 0.0001)。缺血性卒中更常见于 PACNS(vs. RCVS)(P< 0.0001)。脑出血更常见于 PACNS 者(P = 0.006),SAH 和血管源性水肿(P = 0.04,P = 0.01)更常见于 RCVS 者。多发小深部梗死、广泛深部白质病变、瘤样病变或多发强化病灶仅见于 PACNS,然而颈动脉夹层仅见于 RCVS。

最终作者认为 对于大部分病历,入院最初几天内仔细分析患者的临床线索(clinical context)、头痛特征和脑损害的模式能够鉴别 PACNS 和 RCVS,但是小部分病历的诊断仍具有挑战。

原始出处:

De Boysson H,et al.Primary angiitis of the CNS and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: A comparative study.Neurology. 2018 Oct 16;91(16):e1468-e1478. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006367. Epub 2018 Sep 19.

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    2019-06-01 yese
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    2019-02-18 lg.zhao
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    2019-04-17 yinhl1978
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    2018-11-22 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0