PHILIPS每日一例:误诊分析:肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤误诊为肝癌一例

2022-09-08 放射沙龙 华中科技大学附属协和医院感染性疾病科

肝AML的CT影像学差异较大,主要取决于肿瘤内脂肪的含量及异常血管所占的比例,典型病例肿瘤内存在脂肪影时,CT值往往为负值。诊断肝AML不难,但部分肝AML在影像学上因缺乏脂肪而无特征性表现,容易误诊

患者,女,50岁,农民。

因右上腹疼痛1月余,外院B超诊断为肝癌入我院治疗。既往无肝炎病史,无饮酒史,无遗传病史,无高血压糖尿病史。

体检:神志清楚,正力体型,皮肤巩膜无黄染;心肺听诊未见异常;腹软,肝脾肋下未及,腹水征阴性,双下肢无水肿。

入院后辅助检查:甲胎蛋白正常,肝功能正常,血常规正常,便常规见脓球1~3个,HBV和HCV相关病原学检查阴性。

CT检查平扫示肝右叶见6.6 cm×7.7 cm×8.8 cm块影,CT值约为49 HU,病变内下缘与右肾上极分界欠清。动态增强扫描动脉期病变内见肿瘤血管影,延迟期呈相对低密度影,三期CT值分别为55.3 HU、85.8 HU、67.5 HU,腹膜后未见肿大淋巴结(如图1所示)。结论:肝右后叶占位,肝癌可能性大,腹腔积液。

图1 CT平扫

初步诊断:原发性肝癌。

遂在我院肝胆外科外科行肿瘤及部分肝叶切除。切除后巨检:肿块6 cm×6 cm,质硬,边界不清,活动度差,色灰白,形状不规则;肿瘤与周围组织边界清楚,但无包膜;周围肝组织形态未见明显异常。

镜检(图2):肿瘤细胞弥漫成片,呈上皮样,细胞核形态不整,胞浆嗜酸性或透明,可见多核巨细胞。

免疫组化染色:如图3~图9:CD34内皮细胞(-),肿瘤细胞CK8/18(-),图中可见残存肝细胞阳性;肿瘤细胞Hepat(-),残存肝细胞阳性;肿瘤细胞HMB45(+),而残存肝细胞阴性;肿瘤细胞Ki67阳性细胞比例<2%;肿瘤细胞Melan-A(+), SMA(+)。

图2 HE染色

图3 IHD CD34(-)

图 免疫组化染色结果

最终诊断:肝脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤( Angiomyoipoma,AML),患者术后恢复良好,随访一年无复发。

讨论

肝AML是血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor,PEComa)家族成员之一, 病因和发病机制不清,Ishak于1976年首先报道该病。它也可发生于肾脏,过去曾被认为是错构瘤。近年来分子生物学研究显示,其在克隆发生、免疫组化和超微结构等方面具有组织同源性,也支持其为单一细胞类型起源,提示本病为真性肿瘤,来自血管周围上皮样细胞。这种细胞具有多向分化潜能,可向血管平滑肌和血管内皮细胞分化,组织形态包含有厚壁血管、平滑肌及脂肪。在不同病例中各种成分可以混杂,亦可以某一种成分为主,以表达黑色素瘤细胞分化的标记物为特征。

肝AML的CT影像学差异较大,主要取决于肿瘤内脂肪的含量及异常血管所占的比例,典型病例肿瘤内存在脂肪影时,CT值往往为负值。诊断肝AML不难,但部分肝AML在影像学上因缺乏脂肪而无特征性表现,容易误诊。本病例起初诊断为肝癌,因其较符合肝癌的CT影像学特点:在增强扫描时,表现为“快进快出”,动脉期明显强化,可以看到多数细条弯曲强化的供血动脉及肿瘤实质区强化影,于门脉期虽然病灶实质部分仍有强化但病灶内动脉供血血管消失,于延时期病灶强化程度降低呈低密度影。

Tsui等根据瘤组织病理的特点将血管平滑肌脂肪瘤分为4型。①典型型:即实性成片的肌样细胞混以片状脂肪细胞,其间穿插不规则的厚壁血管。②肌瘤样型:以肌细胞成分为主,构成窦状小梁,脂肪成分<10%;根据平滑肌细胞形态又可分为上皮样细胞型、中间细胞型、梭形细胞型、单形性细胞型及多形性细胞型。③脂肪瘤样型:脂肪成分>70%,上皮细胞与短梭状肌细胞在脂肪间形成网状结构。④血管瘤样型:由粗大厚壁血管组成,细胞成分少。

免疫组织化学方面,平滑肌成分表达平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA),而上皮样成分表达HMB45(黑色素瘤单克隆抗体)及Melan A,但上皮标记PCK、EMA阴性。肝AML是惟一一种免疫组化同时表达HMB45和Melan-A的肝脏肿瘤。典型型病理学诊断上相对较易,但是当以某一种肿瘤成分为主时,需要与相应的疾病予以鉴别。

鉴别诊断:本例形态上以上皮样细胞成分为主,所以在组织病理上需与以下疾病鉴别。

①肝细胞癌。因含有多角形大细胞,并呈小梁状排列,少量核仁明显嗜酸性,胞质透亮,易与肝细胞癌混淆,尤其是肝透明细胞癌。但一般肝细胞癌周围的肝组织常呈硬化,且肝癌细胞呈浸润性生长,免疫组化染色肝癌细胞上皮性标记及AFP均阳性,而HMB45及平滑肌原性标记均阴性。 

②肝母细胞瘤。个别肝母细胞瘤人黑色素瘤的抗体HMB45(+),但肝母细胞瘤细胞似原始肝细胞,内可见骨和软骨成分,此瘤好发于婴幼儿。

③上皮样平滑肌肉瘤。瘤细胞往往异形性明显,核分裂可见或多见。

治疗:肝AML的治疗一般是手术切除,也有主张如能明确诊断,可随访观察,暂不切除。脂肪含量较多的肝AML切除时,如肿瘤遭到挤压,可能出现脂肪栓塞,危及生命。绝大多数临床报道术后无复发,但Deng等最近报道一例病灶恶变、转移,最终死亡的病例,提示若肝AML较大、生长迅速、多形核、P53阳性需警惕恶变可能。

点评:

目前诊断肝癌的常用临床检查方法包括检测血中甲胎蛋白,岩藻糖苷酶,影像学检查等。血中甲胎蛋白及岩藻糖苷酶敏感度仅80%左右,此两项指标阴性不能排除肝癌,阳性也不能确诊肝癌。B超、CT或磁共振增强扫描等检查因有时肝硬化结节、肝AML的影像学与肝癌相似,也可能造成误诊。当上述检查有疑问时,还可借助PET检查,有助于鉴别良性或恶性肿瘤。但因价格昂贵或条件所限,而难以实施。

肝AML的CT影像学差异较大,主要取决于肿瘤内脂肪的含量及异常血管所占的比例,典型病例肿瘤内存在脂肪影时,CT值往往为负值,诊断肝AML不难。但部分肝AML在影像学上因缺乏脂肪而无特征性表现,容易误诊。如本病例肿瘤内缺少典型脂肪及平滑肌成分,形态上较为单一,影像学缺乏典型的血管平滑肌脂肪瘤特征,从而误诊为肝癌,值得引起临床、影像科以及病理科医生的注意。

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    2021-11-10 chengjn
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