eLife:详解HIV编码蛋白Nef劫持宿主蛋白机制

2016-12-19 佚名 生物谷

多亏主要靶向人免疫缺陷病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus , HIV)产生的三种酶(蛋白酶、整合酶和逆转录酶)的药物组合,感染上HIV的人们能够延缓获得性免疫缺乏综合症(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS, 俗称艾滋病)症状,但是耐药性的HIV毒株周期性地出现而威胁着这些药物组合。 在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学伯克


多亏主要靶向人免疫缺陷病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus , HIV)产生的三种酶(蛋白酶、整合酶和逆转录酶)的药物组合,感染上HIV的人们能够延缓获得性免疫缺乏综合症(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS, 俗称艾滋病)症状,但是耐药性的HIV毒株周期性地出现而威胁着这些药物组合。

在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学伯克利分校和美国国家卫生研究院的研究人员着重关注第四种蛋白Nef---这种蛋白劫持宿主蛋白---是HIV杀伤力所必需的。他们获得了Nef结合到一种主要宿主蛋白时的高分辨率图片,并且发现这种宿主蛋白的一部分有望成为下一代抗HIV药物的靶标。通过阻断Nef结合的这种关键性宿主蛋白的这一部分,阻止或延缓HIV可能是可行的。相关研究结果近期发表在eLife期刊上,论文标题为“How HIV-1 Nef hijacks the AP-2 clathrin adaptor to downregulate CD4”。论文通信作者为Juan S Bonifacino和James H Hurley。

Hurley说,“我们首次对这些分子细节进行成像。获得这些分子细节有助设计出阻断这种结合位点的药物,通过这样做会阻断HIV传染性。”

Bonifacino说,“对很多病人而言,当前的药物疗法将HIV感染转化为一种不会导致艾滋病的慢性疾病,但是我们可能能够经过开发出一种新疗法而进一步干扰HIV的复制和传播从而有助抑制这种病毒,直到我们发现一种将它从体内完全清除的方法。”

将近20年前,科学家们已证实缺乏蛋白Nef的情形下,HIV只具有更少的传染性。一些病人虽然感染上Nef缺陷性的HIV,但是能够没有问题地生活几十年。

从那以后,关于Nef作用的更多细节出现了。HIV通过一种被称作CD4的受体侵入免疫系统细胞,但是一旦HIV通过CD4侵入细胞,它就关闭这种受体从而阻止这些细胞被再次感染。

Hurley说,尽管阻止太多病毒进入同一个细胞而使得这种细胞环境更不利于有效的病毒复制可能是一种解释,但是科学家们并不确定HIV为何会关闭这种受体阻止其他病毒进入。

无论是否是这种原因,HIV通过剔除细胞表面上的所有其他CD4受体而阻止这种病毒的进一步感染。为实现这点,Nef对CD4受体进行标记从而使得细胞认为它是垃圾而被送到细胞内的溶酶体中降解掉。6年前,Bonifacino和同事们发现Nef是通过直接结合宿主蛋白AP2来发挥作用的,其中AP2结合到一种被称作网格蛋白(clathrin)的蛋白上。这导致细胞膜向内凸起,并从中脱落出来而形成一种小膜泡,随后这种小膜泡将附着的CD4受体送往溶酶体进行降解。

Bonifacino说,“这种新的高分辨率图片揭示出在Nef结合到AP2上的位点处的一个空腔可能是药物靶向的一个好位点。”

“已知AP2上的这种空腔并不被任何其他宿主蛋白所使用,因此如果我们对它进行干扰,那么我们将不会干扰任何宿主细胞的功能,而只是干扰Nef的功能。这将有助寻找到更好的抑制剂。”

然而,Hurley提醒道,这项研究“还需要更多的验证以便证实这种空腔是一个靶标。但是我们感到兴奋的原因在于它是一种潜在的靶标。”

在这项研究中,论文第一作者Xuefeng Ren获得Nef结合到AP2上的高分辨率图片,所采取的手段为先对这些蛋白进行结晶,然后利用X射线照射这种复合物。利用所产生的X射线衍射谱,她计算出它的三维结构。如今,她正在对结合到CD4受体的Nef-AP2复合物进行结晶以便在AP2或CD4上寻找其他可能的药物靶标,从而阻止Nef将CD4视作垃圾而将它送到溶酶体进行降解。

原始出处

Xuefeng Ren, Sang Yoon Park,3 Juan S Bonifacino,3,* and James H Hurley.How HIV-1 Nef hijacks the AP-2 clathrin adaptor to downregulate CD4.eLife.2016



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    2017-03-09 膀胱癌
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    2017-05-04 clmlylxy
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    2016-12-21 wincls
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