IEEE trans:用近红外成像评估视觉空间工作记忆负荷对神经补偿的影响

2021-05-22 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

痴呆是指慢性获得性进行性智能障碍综合征。临床上以缓慢出现的智能减退为主要特征,伴有不同程度的人格改变。它是一组临床综合征,而非一种独立的疾病。全世界约有5000万人患有痴呆症。这一数字预计每年将增加1

痴呆是指慢性获得性进行性智能障碍综合征。临床上以缓慢出现的智能减退为主要特征,伴有不同程度的人格改变。它是一组临床综合征,而非一种独立的疾病。全世界约有5000万人患有痴呆症。这一数字预计每年将增加1000万。阿尔茨海默病(AD)约占所有痴呆症报告病例的80%。其特点是认知能力的慢性进行性下降,伴有脑萎缩、乙酰胆碱减少和神经炎症改变。此外,AD与其他形式的痴呆症不同,其早期工作记忆(WM)缺陷更为突出。轻度认知障碍(MCI)是AD的前驱症状,导致的损害尚不足以影响一个人的ADL。每年大约有15%的MCI患者最终发展为AD。

WM包括两个独立的系统,即语音回路和视觉空间。前者暂时存储口头信息,后者负责视觉空间信息。视觉空间工作记忆(VSWM)需要对视觉空间信息进行编码、维护、操作和时间标记。这些过程中的每一个都容易受到AD病理学恶化的影响。双侧前额叶皮质(PFC)的激活与VSWM功能有关。来自多个研究的综合证据表明左、右PFC在VSWM中起着不同的作用。前者通常与口头编码的信息(即口头化策略)相关。相反,右侧PFC参与视觉空间处理/监控。言语WM激活左侧PFC,而空间WM激活右侧PFC。一些功能性近红外光谱(fNIRS)研究已经证实VSWM是AD早期诊断的预测标志物。尽管如此,AD病理学中VSWM改变的证据仍然相对缺乏。这就需要对AD、MCI和正常认知老化之间的结构和功能差异进行更详细的研究。

本项研究目的是研究神经代偿机制和认知负荷理论的相互作用,通过一个新的VSWM任务解析不同程度的难度/记忆负荷。根据VSWM和神经代偿机制的功能相关性选择感兴趣区域 。因此,在本研究中检查了双侧PFC。期望观察MCI患者的多动症,而不是mAD患者。在行为学上假设正常老年人在VSWM任务中表现最好,其次是MCI患者,最后是mAD患者。此外,各组受任务负荷的影响程度相似;增加任务负载会导致性能下降。从fNIRS的角度,假设MCI患者的神经代偿反应(即多动症)会随着任务负荷的增加而增加,直到达到稳定期。在mAD患者中不会观察到类似的多动症。

Fig. 1. - (a) The experimental setup. (b) The fNIRS optodes setup. (c) The paradigm for a single trial where 
${R}$
 indicates the time to completion.

实验场景

首先招募MCI和mAD患者,然后是年龄匹配的健康对照组(HC)。在进行简易精神状态检查(MMSE)和临床痴呆评分(CDR)的基础上,由精神病医生进行临床访谈,包括检查认知、行为和身体症状进展,以及特定领域的认知缺陷。这是为了将MCI和AD患者列入候选名单,并排除其他形式的痴呆症。被诊断患有影响认知的任何共同疾病的精神或神经或医学状况的参与者被排除在外。

MMSE是一种检查认知障碍的纸笔工具,用于评估参与者的认知能力。它的得分从0到30分不等,得分越高表示认知能力越好。CDR是一种普遍的临床工具,用于评估痴呆的严重程度。所有参与者都进行了练习,以确保能够操作电脑鼠标并执行实验程序。参与者被要求安静地坐在办公椅上,左手和右手分别放在扶手和电脑鼠标上。在MATLAB(MathWorks,Natrick,MA)上开发了一种基于神经回忆视频游戏的新型计算机化VSWM任务。为了让游戏更适合老年人,只引入了三个级别的VSWM难度,每个级别有四个测试(总共12个测试)。 计算机化VSWM任务使用了精确的范式,不仅因为多个试验设计提供了更可靠的任务设计 。

 

多通道fNIRS系统(日本日立医疗公司)被用于提供脑内与任务相关的血流动力学活动的无创测量。波长为695和830nm的近红外光束通过光纤被激光二极管(光源)照射到指定的位置。当光束以椭圆方式穿过皮肤和脑组织时,在被放置在光源同侧的光电二极管(探测器)接收之前,光束会衰减。将近红外光强度的变化转化为氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白浓度的变化。本研究中使用的源-探测器距离为30mm,仍在成人推荐范围内(30~35mm)。

共有31名HC患者、12名MCI患者和18名mAD患者分别参与了本研究。就整体MMSE表现而言,HC表现出最大的认知能力,其次是MCI和mAD患者。这一结果与MCI的结果一致,MCI是正常认知老化和mAD更严重衰退之间的中间阶段。储存和处理言语/语言输入的回路,通过其在言语记忆中的作用与即时回忆能力相关联。研究表明MCI和AD患者的语音回路都受损。

与CDR分数较低的组(HC=CDR 0,MCI=CDR 0.5)相比,CDR分数较高(mAD=CDR 1)的痴呆程度较高的参与者在VSWM任务中的表现明显较差。MCI(虽然不显著)和mAD患者的表现均下降,提示VSWM在AD病理进展中受到损害。这一发现进一步暗示MCI是AD发展的中间阶段。虽然HC和MCI患者的表现也随着任务负荷的增加而下降,但下降并不显著。此外,在所有水平的VSWM任务中,mAD患者的表现都明显比HC差。

所有参与者在视觉空间刺激的编码和保持过程中都表现出双侧皮质激活,这与先前fNIRS研究的结果一致。这表明,与左半球语言功能的定位相比,视觉空间功能的定位更加对称,根据认知负荷理论,虽然不同,但各组表现出相似的趋势;随着任务难度的增加,人们不断观察到激活的增加以及任务绩效的下降。仅在MCI中发现显著的大负荷效应,提示MCI患者对神经代偿反应的负荷敏感效应尤为显著。

随着任务难度的增加,HC的双侧PFC激活缓慢而稳定地增加,而MCI患者的这种趋势相似,但增加幅度更大。在VSWM任务的1级水平上,HC和MCI患者的双侧激活差异不大。这表明以认知资源减少为特征的MCI患者仍能在不需要补偿的情况下处理较低的任务负荷。MCI患者在VSWM任务的2级中观察到双侧PFC过度激活。这种现象与衰老和认知的支架理论相一致,神经补偿表现为一种额外的补充,以对抗认知退化。一直以来,先前的一项研究也发现,额叶活动的增加确实补偿了其他神经精神疾病中受损的皮层回路,以保持与健康对照组相比的认知测试/任务表现。

结果表面在适当的工作量下,所提出的VSWM任务可以诱导神经补偿。对如何开发一个有效的认知训练痴呆症的预防和康复的方法提供了有效帮助 。

W. C. Ung et al., "Assessing Neural Compensation With Visuospatial Working Memory Load Using Near-Infrared Imaging," in IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 13-22, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2019.2956459.

 

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    2022-02-05 bsmagic9140
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2078260, encodeId=f35220e826048, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2fd29428e24' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#近红外#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94287, encryptionId=2fd29428e24, topicName=近红外)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Fri Dec 03 18:43:57 CST 2021, time=2021-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1801627, encodeId=7a53180162ee4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eeff9086511' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视觉空间#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90865, encryptionId=eeff9086511, topicName=视觉空间)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3bfe313, createdName=charleshjw, createdTime=Wed Oct 20 00:43:57 CST 2021, time=2021-10-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1657470, encodeId=c05a165e470e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Sat Feb 05 19:43:57 CST 2022, time=2022-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1691637, encodeId=93b2169163e55, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a594e91229' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#工作记忆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47912, encryptionId=1a594e91229, topicName=工作记忆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=582029274600, createdName=lvygwyt2791, createdTime=Wed Sep 29 23:43:57 CST 2021, time=2021-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1481139, encodeId=a35e148113988, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c592908329c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视觉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90832, encryptionId=c592908329c, topicName=视觉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=adcf7732830, createdName=zywlvao, createdTime=Mon May 24 13:43:57 CST 2021, time=2021-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-24 zywlvao

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