论下一代免疫学博士的职业发展

2015-05-06 佚名 生物谷

在最近一期的《Cell:Trends In Immunology》杂志上,刊登了一组对未来免疫学博士的培养与就业问题的系列文章。各方人士都对这一问题发表了自己的看法,简要整理如下:“是的,我们需要免疫学博士!”来自美国爱荷华大学微生物系的Gail A. Bishop首先表达了他对未来免疫学博士需求的乐观看法。未来的免疫学博士生的培养面临严峻的挑战。根据NIH于2012年6月发布的生物医药行业研

在最近一期的《Cell:Trends In Immunology》杂志上,刊登了一组对未来免疫学博士的培养与就业问题的系列文章。各方人士都对这一问题发表了自己的看法,简要整理如下:

“是的,我们需要免疫学博士!”

来自美国爱荷华大学微生物系的Gail A. Bishop首先表达了他对未来免疫学博士需求的乐观看法。

未来的免疫学博士生的培养面临严峻的挑战。根据NIH于2012年6月发布的生物医药行业研究人员年度报告指出,近10-15年来,培养的免疫学博士生数量已经大大超过了科研机构所能全职雇佣的人数。2014年NIH的主任Francis Collins博士确认该所从2003年到2012年期间在免疫学领域投入的资金减少了22%。资金的局限性使得经费申请书投递越来越多,从而导致同行评议系统无法准确地判别较好的研究申请计划。而来自非盈利性学术机构的科学家们的主要经费来源即为研究计划申请书。因此他们中大多数人花大量时间在写各种各样的研究申请,而很少有时间深入思考自己的研究课题。这样的景象又如何能够吸引有事业心的青年科学家投身学术行业呢?

所幸的是,不论是基础科研还是转化科学研究,免疫学方向的新发现都是为了解决大多数人的健康问题。如果博士生培养能够结合社会的需求以及就业导向,那么他们将会有更广阔的就业渠道,而不是成为依赖国家经费的传统学者。

人类的免疫系统在经受了漫长的进化考验之后成功地保护机体免受外界的一类巨大威胁:传染病。免疫学百余年来的发展使我们攻克了像骨髓灰质炎,天花,麻疹等病原微生物造成的传染病以及破伤风等细菌毒素造成的疾病。目前发达国际几乎没有主流的传染病出现。然而,随着不断发展,许多因素(人口基数增加,环境变化等)导致新的传染病席卷全球。一些本来与人体和平共生的细菌也有可能转变为新的病原体。人畜等长期滥用抗生素导致许多耐药细菌的出现。因此,未来的人类健康依然受到以上因素的威胁。

近几十年来一些与免疫相关的新疾病先后诞生,比如哮喘,食物过敏,动脉粥样硬化以及II型糖尿病等,目前这些疾病还没有很好的治疗方法,主要原因在于我们对自身的免疫系统仍不够了解;另一方面,随着年龄的增长,癌症也是人类健康的另一大困扰,而免疫疗法则是当前癌症治疗的一个主要方向。以上事实说明免疫学研究在未来相当长时间内会面临大量的机遇与挑战。

作者认为,免疫学博士的就业方向是多样化的。

首先,学术界还是需要有接班人。虽然像NIH等学术机构的终身教职职位有限,但毕竟需要有人不断接棒进行免疫学的研究。科学家可以投身科研机构以外的其它社会组织,如政府部门或公共机构。近年来发生了两起大型疾病传播事件,分别是西非地区肆虐的埃博拉以及美国部分地区复发的麻疹疫情。后者的出现是由于政府部门过于相信儿童疫苗的安全性,从而误导了大众。这一事实说明公共部门需要具备专业知识的免疫学家的介入,为公共健康事业提供准确的指导。

此外,免疫学博士还可以投身医药界与生物科技界。他们在产业界的作用也是多样化的:包括实验性的工作,设计实验,管理,销售,市场运作等。青年免疫学家们还可以结合自身的长处进入法律部门,从事如药物的专利诉讼等方面的工作。

学术圈之外也提供了青年科学家大范围协作的环境,便于对科学产出进行充分应用,同时他们还可以利用先进的技术手段对基础科研的结果进行快速更新与优化。免疫学博士也可以进入教育界,引导更多的人学习更深入的免疫学知识;他们也可以在科学期刊等单位工作。即使在高校内部进行基础科研工作,也不一定要像以往的老教授那样(安心搞课题,写文章,申项目),他们有充分的机会强化基础与临床部门之间的合作。

综上,我们不能因为经费紧张或者教职有限就忽视对博士生的培养,博士阶段学习的知识对于以后的任何工作都十分重要。

21世纪的免疫学家应该如何培养?

来自加州洛杉矶分校计算生物学系的Roberto Spreafico等人对下一代的免疫学家的培养提出了自己的观点。

首先,免疫系统不同于身体的其它器官,它是高度系统化与动态化的。学习免疫学的知识,就要对其动态性保持高度的敏感。同时,动态的分析离不开量化的思维与数理知识。虽然免疫学具有大数据性的特点,然而有时候单点的分析要比群体的分析更加有利于解决问题。比如单细胞分析。事实上,许多免疫紊乱的现象并不是由“群体”决定的,而是由少数异常的“个体”决定的。因此,具备统计学知识,并且能够充分考虑个体的影响,对研究免疫学问题十分重要。

基于以上几点,作者认为免疫学的博士培养要从以下几点入手:

博士生入学要求要包括统计学与计算方面的课程;低年级博士要学习统计与动态分析的课程,最好是由本专业的专家讲授;加入计算机分析等电脑培训课程;将数据分析与处理加入博士生考核内容;博士毕业后的进一步深造也要考虑统计与计算机的知识。

如何投身生物医药研究事业?

就职于著名生物公司-位于美国旧金山的安进公司的Lawren C. Wu带来了他从事生物医药行业12年的成功经验。简单来说是以下三点:

●具备科学与专业技术方面的训练

●熟悉药物的研发流程

●增强人际交流的技巧

原始出处:

Gail A. Bishop.Yes, we need PhD immunologists!.Trends in Immunology, May 2015.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2015.03.003

Roberto Spreafico, Simon Mitchell, Alexander Hoffmann.Training the 21st Century Immunologist.Trends in Immunology, May 2015.

Lawren C. Wu.Preparing for a career in biopharma research.Trends in Immunology, May 2015.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2015.03.002

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    2015-05-06 zhouanxiu

    看过了

    0

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    2015-05-06 Lindong

    0

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    2015-05-06 huaxipanxing

    免疫学真的很重要

    0

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    2015-05-06 lovejing

    免疫学这么吃香?

    0