专家访谈丨周应芳教授:子宫腺肌病患者的药物选择和手术治疗新进展

2021-11-13 “妇产科在线”公众号 “妇产科在线”公众号

【编者按】

【编者按】最新研究表明,子宫腺肌病患病率高达20%~35%,是妇科多发病,常见于年龄大于40岁且已经生育过的妇女,病因尚不明确。因此,对于子宫腺肌病患者的诊治问题,一直以来受到广大妇产科医生的关注。在2021北京妇科微创高峰论坛、第16届全国妇科微创诊疗理论与实践论坛中,妇产科在线有幸采访到北京大学第一医院周应芳教授。周应芳教授对子宫腺肌病患者的致病因素、药物选择和手术治疗进展进行了总结,帮助大家更加深入地理解子宫腺肌病患者的病因和诊疗重点。

子宫腺肌病的发病原因

周应芳教授指出,子宫腺肌病是妇产科常见病,医生需要充分了解病因后进行治疗和预防。但遗憾的是,子宫腺肌病的病因尚未明确,迄今为止也并没有太多进展。目前仍然认为,造成子宫腺肌病的最主要原因可能是刮宫、流产或分娩等原因造成子宫内膜损伤,但同样存在少数无宫腔操作史、无生育史却罹患子宫腺肌病的患者。这提示,其病因还可能与子宫内膜的血流或淋巴种植有关。此外,还存在罕见的年轻女性囊性子宫腺肌病,可能与化生学说或苗勒氏管残留相关。动物模型研究曾发现,动物的泌乳素升高可引发子宫腺肌病;但人体的临床研究发现,相比子宫肌瘤,子宫腺肌病患者的泌乳素水平虽然偏高,但并不是发病的主要原因。

子宫腺肌病患者的治疗方式

周应芳教授表示,起初,临床医生更倾向于应用手术治疗子宫腺肌病患者。子宫腺肌病由于病灶界限不清,导致手术很难清理干净,且目前腹腔镜手术的缝合效果可能不如开腹手术,因此会导致患者之后怀孕时子宫破裂风险升高。所以,近年来更倾向于药物治疗子宫腺肌病患者。对于子宫腺肌病合并不孕的患者,多采取GnRHa治疗后伴随药物管理。

针对小子宫合并贫血、无生育要求的患者,可以直接采取左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统(LNG-IUS)治疗;对于大子宫合并贫血的患者,可以注射3次GnRHa后置入LNG-IUS;对于没有明显贫血的患者,也可以选择应用地诺孕素;针对年轻且病情并不严重的患者,还可应用复方口服避孕药(COC)。

子宫腺肌病患者的保守治疗

对于子宫腺肌病患者的治疗药物选择,可查看周应芳教授与彭超教授等共同撰写的《子宫腺肌病药物治疗的选择和长期管理》。文章中提到,对于药物治疗,子宫腺肌病与子宫内膜异位症患者类似。二者虽然存在区别,但仍可以共同考虑,子宫腺肌病与子宫内膜异位症均属于雌激素依赖性疾病,发病人群多处在生育年龄,且与激素相关。

目前其最常用的治疗方案是内异症患者的“金标准”药物——GnRHa,也是目前治疗子宫腺肌病患者效果最好的药物,但因其副作用较多、价格偏高,针对一些年轻、症状较轻的患者,也可选用COC;若是病情较严重或40岁以上的患者,不能应用避孕药的情况下,可以应用孕激素制剂。此外,研究发现,地诺孕素对于II型或外生型子宫腺肌病患者的治疗效果非常好,尤其在缓解痛经方面,可以达到与GnRHa相似的治疗效果。但若患者存在明显贫血、子宫较大等情况,建议优先使用3次GnRHa,再考虑应用地诺孕素或宫内缓释系统。

子宫腺肌病合并不孕患者的治疗措施

周应芳教授说到,子宫腺肌病是否与不孕相关目前还并不十分明确,但临床研究认为二者存在一定的关系。子宫腺肌病患者经常合并其他病症,如内异症、炎症、盆腔粘连等。其次,子宫腺肌病患者的发病年龄较内异症患者普遍稍长。北京大学第一医院资料显示,二者的年龄差大约在十岁左右,这提示了生育相关问题。对于子宫腺肌病合并不孕的年轻患者,建议先应用4~6次GnRHa,之后嘱其试孕半年到一年,若试孕失败,或对于35岁以上甚至40岁以上的患者,建议采用辅助生殖技术(ART) 。目前国内外专家共识建议先取卵,随后应用GnRHa,最后胚胎移植的方式。

子宫腺肌病患者的手术治疗及注意事项

周应芳教授表示,手术应放在药物治疗之后。对于有生育要求的患者,先应用药物治疗;若药物治疗失败、ART多次失败的患者,最后考虑采取手术治疗。对于有生育要求的患者,手术只能去除病灶。子宫腺肌病患者的病灶通常呈弥漫性,除局限性囊性外,病灶无法完全去除。起初,妇产科医生多采用开腹手术,目前也可以采用腹腔镜手术。如果是局限性病灶,可以局部切除;弥漫性病灶则可将子宫切开后去除病灶,手术对缝合的要求较高,要求子宫肌层至少在7 mm以上,才不容易发生术后子宫破裂。

子宫腺肌病患者的术后管理

周应芳教授讲到,对于子宫腺肌病患者的长期管理,多数不建议术后用药。而实际上,目前国内外多数文献表明,子宫腺肌病患者术后应用3次GnRHa优于不用药,应用6个月的效果优于3个月。因此,尤其对于年轻的子宫腺肌病患者,可以考虑术后应用GnRHa长期治疗。对于年龄稍长、近绝经期或无手术意愿的患者,也可应用GnRHa,使患者安全地度过围绝经期。

至于GnRHa的应用时限问题,药品说明书建议应用半年时间;FDA则建议,在反向添加的情况下可以应用1年。欧洲一项报道显示,在治疗子宫肌瘤患者时,反向添加后使用GnRHa的最长时间是10年。北京大学第一医院使用的最长时间是5年。需要注意的是,GnRHa使用超过半年必须反向添加。如果不能反向添加,例如乳腺癌或雌激素孕激素禁忌的患者,可考虑使用联合调节进行长期治疗。当然,如果GnRHa应用1年以上,建议进行骨密度检查,评估是否存在骨质疏松。因为骨质疏松是GnRHa的临床禁忌之一,若存在骨质疏松风险,就不可继续用药,或者使用双膦酸盐类治疗骨质疏松。周应芳教授建议使用GnRHa超过半年后,除了反向添加或者联合调节以外,常规考虑每日增加一片钙尔奇D。也就是说,只要加强监测,患者也可以长期应用GnRHa。

专家简介

周应芳教授

北京大学第一医院妇产科主任医师、教授、博士生导师。

北京医科大学第一医院国家药品临床研究基地管理委员会委员,伦理委员会委员和妇产科国家药品临床研究基地负责人,中国医药教育协会妇科专业委员会主任委员,中国医药卫生文化协会女性健康文化分会名誉会长,中华医学会妇产科分会委员及妇科内镜学组副组长,中国医师协会内镜医师分会第三届委员会常委,中国医师协会内镜医师分会第一届妇科内镜专业委员会副主委,中国医师协会子宫内膜异位症专委会副主委,北京医学会妇科内镜学分会及京津冀妇科内镜协同发展促进会副主委,北京医学会妇产科分会副主委,北京医师协会腔镜内镜专家委员会委员,北京医学会医学细胞生物学分会委员,卫计委妇科内镜诊疗技术项目专家,中华妇产科杂志等多家的编委或常务编委。

擅长妇科内镜手术。对子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病的的诊断与治疗有独到见解。主编“在北京大学听医学专家讲座—妇产科热点问题聚焦” 。曾获1996年度吴阶平医学奖·扬森药学奖妇产科专业3等奖。2017年度全国妇幼健康科学技术奖二等奖和中国医药教育协会科技创新二等奖。

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子宫肌瘤是育龄期妇女最常见的生殖系统肿瘤,子宫腺肌病是由于子宫内膜及间质侵入子宫肌层引起的良性病变,两种疾病均好发于30~50岁育龄期妇女,对于有症状的患者,根据患者的年龄、生理及心理需求的不同而有多种诊疗方案,传统的治疗方法有病灶剔除术、子宫次全切除术或子宫全切除术等。但是对于年轻、有保留子宫需求的子宫肌瘤患者,病灶剔除术后的两年复发率较高,二次手术的实施有较大的风险及损害。而对于子宫腺肌病患者