Science:关键发现:每个神经细胞都**!

2017-05-22 药明康德 药明康德

过去几十年来,为了寻找包括精神分裂症和自闭症在内的许多神经疾病背后的遗传因素,科学家们投入了大量的时间和精力。但是他们收获甚微,在自闭症中,即使最常见的遗传突变也只占到了全部患者的百分之几而已。

过去几十年来,为了寻找包括精神分裂症和自闭症在内的许多神经疾病背后的遗传因素,科学家们投入了大量的时间和精力。但是他们收获甚微,在自闭症中,即使最常见的遗传突变也只占到了全部患者的百分之几而已。



令科学家们更感到沮丧的是,最可能引起疾病的遗传突变不仅少见,而且并不容易被传给下一代,而那些常见的突变仅能小幅增加患病风险。为了寻找这些缺失的遗传因素,科学家们进行了大量的研究。最近,一个可以颠覆传统生物学基础的概念逐渐显现了出来。那就是人体中的每个体细胞都可能带有自己独特的突变,也就是说,同一个人身上的每个细胞都有不同的DNA组成。一个两年前成立的研究组织——大脑体细胞镶嵌性网络(The Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network,BSMN)——在近期的《科学》杂志上描述了研究这一现象的方法,以及如何从这一现象来解释神经疾病的病因。美国NIH旗下的精神卫生研究院(National Institute of Mental Health,NIMH)为这一组织提供了3000万美元的经费支持。

传统生物学认为,每个人的DNA都不相同,但是,同一个人身上的体细胞,因为都来自于同一个受精卵,都应该具有同样的DNA。但是,最新的研究发现,细胞分裂的过程中有许多种可能造成DNA突变的因素,其结果就造成了人体内存在许多种不同的DNA序列,这一现象被称为体细胞镶嵌性。由于神经细胞不再分裂,因此,任何一个细胞中特有的突变都会一直存在,不像其他器官中细胞不停的更新换代,使得某一个特定突变不会产生长久的影响。所以,大脑中的细胞镶嵌性显得尤为重要。

BSMN包括了来自美国15家研究机构的18个团队,他们收集了健康志愿者,以及精神分裂症、双相情感障碍、自闭症、癫痫、Tourette综合征等多种疾病患者死后捐献的大脑组织进行详细的研究。研究发现,每个神经细胞中都可能存在超过1000个单核苷酸多样性位点。从一些神经前体细胞到整个大脑中的神经细胞需要经过数十亿次的分裂,因此,神经细胞的镶嵌性是一种常态。除了单核苷酸多样性之外,更大规模的DNA序列变化也会出现,这包括小DNA片段的遗失或插入以及基因拷贝数的多样性,还有新近发现的移动遗传元素插入片段(MEIs)。

但是,由于每个突变都只出现于一个或几个细胞中,如果直接对大脑组织进行全基因组测序,这些突变就会被大量其他细胞掩盖而不易被识别出来。《科学》杂志的这篇文章提出了三种方法来对细胞镶嵌性进行研究。首先仍然是对大块大脑组织进行基因组测序,其次是从大脑组织中分离出神经细胞进行测序。如果仍有罕见的突变不能被鉴定出来,那么最新的测序技术使得单个细胞测序成为可能,通过比较相邻的几个神经细胞间的DNA区别,将可能把神经科学研究带入一个新时代。对于大脑体细胞镶嵌性和具体疾病之间的联系,科研人员将首先着重于那些已知增加疾病风险的基因,研究是否有一些细胞带有突变。除此之外,BSMN还计划与国立精神卫生研究院的其它倡议合作,研究大脑发育不同时期的基因表达变化,以及大脑中的表观基因组多样性。

负责资助这项研究的美国国立精神卫生研究院基因组研究协调办公室主管Thomas Lehner博士表示:“这将打开一个全新的重要研究领域,我们希望能够了解大脑内细胞镶嵌性的存在程度,以及镶嵌性的存在如何导致神经疾病的产生。不过,目前的计划很可能不会为我们带来所有的答案。”

我们希望这项研究顺利进行,早日揭开大脑中的遗传镶嵌性和神经疾病之间的联系。

原始出处:

Michael J. McConnell1, John V. Moran, et al. Intersection of diverse neuronal genomes and neuropsychiatric disease: The Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network. Science  28 Apr 2017: Vol. 356, Issue 6336, eaal1641 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal1641

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    2017-05-23 jichang
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    2017-05-22 Y—xianghai

    难怪,自闭症,治不了。

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375589, encodeId=580213e5589dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue May 23 23:29:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1489539, encodeId=7eba1489539cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=362fe4482f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74482, encryptionId=362fe4482f1, topicName=神经细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=81b08562535, createdName=liye789132254, createdTime=Tue May 23 23:29:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201332, encodeId=b8b62013327c, content=难怪,自闭症,治不了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Mon May 22 21:51:49 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201210, encodeId=b8212012100b, content=学习了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=08bb2061153, createdName=189****7206, createdTime=Mon May 22 11:26:19 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201187, encodeId=d7e520118e1d, content=文章很好,值得分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Mon May 22 10:26:55 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201159, encodeId=cb17201159c6, content=学习,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhb9xDeHojCicsdRdyC3XXdGk2ib9yLypZuHN06WeW4HO8WN0GGrgEfvnTX8gsckof05GHOU5OM4Mvx/0, createdBy=9cee1982656, createdName=执着追梦, createdTime=Mon May 22 09:07:40 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201143, encodeId=e1ce201143d9, content=文章真好,值得拜读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon May 22 08:42:08 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201142, encodeId=dc65201142ba, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo5nmIH5IQqCKjJgSCuicPWUWOUcdqt1ROPnEiaOYN4pSHibDv8la3OxNLalvuvUXn8clpJlrpuyTpckgt9OPkeSSdT/0, createdBy=8fd71930726, createdName=半夏微凉, createdTime=Mon May 22 08:40:10 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-22 189****7206

    学习了谢谢分享。

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375589, encodeId=580213e5589dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue May 23 23:29:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1489539, encodeId=7eba1489539cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=362fe4482f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74482, encryptionId=362fe4482f1, topicName=神经细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=81b08562535, createdName=liye789132254, createdTime=Tue May 23 23:29:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201332, encodeId=b8b62013327c, content=难怪,自闭症,治不了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Mon May 22 21:51:49 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201210, encodeId=b8212012100b, content=学习了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=08bb2061153, createdName=189****7206, createdTime=Mon May 22 11:26:19 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201187, encodeId=d7e520118e1d, content=文章很好,值得分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Mon May 22 10:26:55 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201159, encodeId=cb17201159c6, content=学习,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhb9xDeHojCicsdRdyC3XXdGk2ib9yLypZuHN06WeW4HO8WN0GGrgEfvnTX8gsckof05GHOU5OM4Mvx/0, createdBy=9cee1982656, createdName=执着追梦, createdTime=Mon May 22 09:07:40 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201143, encodeId=e1ce201143d9, content=文章真好,值得拜读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon May 22 08:42:08 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201142, encodeId=dc65201142ba, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo5nmIH5IQqCKjJgSCuicPWUWOUcdqt1ROPnEiaOYN4pSHibDv8la3OxNLalvuvUXn8clpJlrpuyTpckgt9OPkeSSdT/0, createdBy=8fd71930726, createdName=半夏微凉, createdTime=Mon May 22 08:40:10 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-22 明天会更好!

    文章很好,值得分享!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375589, encodeId=580213e5589dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue May 23 23:29:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1489539, encodeId=7eba1489539cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=362fe4482f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74482, encryptionId=362fe4482f1, topicName=神经细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=81b08562535, createdName=liye789132254, createdTime=Tue May 23 23:29:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201332, encodeId=b8b62013327c, content=难怪,自闭症,治不了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Mon May 22 21:51:49 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201210, encodeId=b8212012100b, content=学习了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=08bb2061153, createdName=189****7206, createdTime=Mon May 22 11:26:19 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201187, encodeId=d7e520118e1d, content=文章很好,值得分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Mon May 22 10:26:55 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201159, encodeId=cb17201159c6, content=学习,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhb9xDeHojCicsdRdyC3XXdGk2ib9yLypZuHN06WeW4HO8WN0GGrgEfvnTX8gsckof05GHOU5OM4Mvx/0, createdBy=9cee1982656, createdName=执着追梦, createdTime=Mon May 22 09:07:40 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201143, encodeId=e1ce201143d9, content=文章真好,值得拜读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon May 22 08:42:08 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=201142, encodeId=dc65201142ba, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo5nmIH5IQqCKjJgSCuicPWUWOUcdqt1ROPnEiaOYN4pSHibDv8la3OxNLalvuvUXn8clpJlrpuyTpckgt9OPkeSSdT/0, createdBy=8fd71930726, createdName=半夏微凉, createdTime=Mon May 22 08:40:10 CST 2017, time=2017-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-22 执着追梦

    学习,感谢分享

    0

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    2017-05-22 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章真好,值得拜读

    0

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    2017-05-22 半夏微凉

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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