为何有些病毒那么热衷于通过精液传播?

2016-02-25 sunshine&KL MedSci原创

为何有些病毒特别容易经精液传播本周,美国疾病控制和预防中心再次警告,Zika病毒可通过性传播。除此之外,男性患者病毒清除后仍可在其精液中存留数周。在此之前研究人员就已警告过病毒可在精液中存活很长的时间。埃博拉疫情爆发期间,研究人员发现,患者康复后病毒仍可在其精液中持续存在数月。有些病毒,如HIV,可通过精液有效传播,但是却不会通过其他的体液传播,如眼泪或尿液。这就提出了一个问题:精液有何特别之处?

本周,美国疾病控制和预防中心再次警告,Zika病毒可通过性传播。除此之外,男性患者病毒清除后仍可在其精液中存留数周。


这可不是第一次强调病毒能在精液中存活时间久了。

埃博拉疫情爆发期间,研究人员发现,患者即使康复了,病毒仍可在其精液中持续存在数月。有些病毒,如HIV,可通过精液有效传播,但是却不会通过其他的体液传播,如眼泪或尿液。

这就提出了一个问题:精液有何特别之处?为何它是一种有效的疾病传播载体?

对于某些病毒来说,睾丸是很好的寄主

许多科学家认为,这与睾丸的免疫系统较弱有关,病毒可在此迅速增殖。从进化的角度来看,这很有意义。睾丸对于人类的繁衍十分重要,它们需要一个额外的保护层以免于免疫系统的攻击。

“血-睾屏障”实际上是睾丸中血管和精细管之间的物理屏障,免疫细胞因此不能从血液中进入精子。Sarah Fecht科普了此进化的原因:“白细胞会将精子作为异物——可能是因为男性开始并不产生精液,直到身体建立起免疫系统。”

免疫细胞的缺乏则意味着精子特别适合长时间携带病毒。

埃博拉病毒疫情期间研究人员发现患者其他体液中的病毒可清除干净,而精液中病毒却可继续存留至少九个月。

对于Zika病毒,科学家发现了类似的趋势。在英国,研究人员发现患者感染后62天,可在其精液中发现此病毒。虽然已出现Zika病毒性传播的病例,但是研究人员仍不清楚Zika病毒是性传播常见还是蚊虫传播常见,以及何时才是人们最危险的时候。

并非所有病毒行为方式都相同

传染病医生Isaac Bogoch 提醒并不能从可在精液中持续存在的埃博拉病毒和Zika病毒推断其他病原体的存在方式。“确实,与其他体液相比,某些病毒在精子中存在的时间较长,但是并非所有的病毒都是如此,不同的病毒其行为方式不同。”研究人员仍需继续探究异物是如何攻击身体和体液的。

另一个复杂的因素:在某一特定体液中发现一种病毒并不意味着患者就可以传播疾病。这取决于患者体内的“病毒载量”,或患者每毫升体液中的病毒拷贝量。

换句话说,研究人员可以从精液或血液中检测出病毒,但如果目前病毒量很小的话,那就不一定具有传播性。

原始出处:

Julia Belluz.The surprising reason some diseases spread so effectively through semen.Science & Health.24 February 2016.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67625, encodeId=59c96e6253b, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 20:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=66851, encodeId=12a666851bc, content=学习了,原来是于血睾丸屏障有关啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01621631568, createdName=飞翔9899, createdTime=Wed Mar 02 18:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=66127, encodeId=1d786612ea5, content=布置作业了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Feb 28 11:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=66126, encodeId=9034661260c, content=看看吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Feb 28 11:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296532, encodeId=7ea21296532a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=efe0e645817' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76458, encryptionId=efe0e645817, topicName=精液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Sat Feb 27 05:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65637, encodeId=e39d6563eac, content=营养丰富, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160216/IMG56C28FA0D251A3302.jpg, createdBy=1c9c1687290, createdName=青争, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 17:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65628, encodeId=be266562862, content=危险, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160219/IMG56C6C68249B6F6895.jpg, createdBy=4a1b1689144, createdName=tiffany8083, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 17:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65615, encodeId=c10b656151f, content=额,已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 17:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-06 wei834766788

    好好学习

    0

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    2016-03-02 飞翔9899

    学习了,原来是于血睾丸屏障有关啊

    0

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    2016-02-28 忠诚向上

    布置作业了

    0

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    2016-02-28 忠诚向上

    看看吧

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67625, encodeId=59c96e6253b, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 20:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=66851, encodeId=12a666851bc, content=学习了,原来是于血睾丸屏障有关啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01621631568, createdName=飞翔9899, createdTime=Wed Mar 02 18:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=66127, encodeId=1d786612ea5, content=布置作业了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Feb 28 11:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=66126, encodeId=9034661260c, content=看看吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Feb 28 11:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296532, encodeId=7ea21296532a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=efe0e645817' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76458, encryptionId=efe0e645817, topicName=精液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Sat Feb 27 05:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65637, encodeId=e39d6563eac, content=营养丰富, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160216/IMG56C28FA0D251A3302.jpg, createdBy=1c9c1687290, createdName=青争, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 17:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65628, encodeId=be266562862, content=危险, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160219/IMG56C6C68249B6F6895.jpg, createdBy=4a1b1689144, createdName=tiffany8083, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 17:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65615, encodeId=c10b656151f, content=额,已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 17:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-27 hb2008ye
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=67625, encodeId=59c96e6253b, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=078f1661649, createdName=wei834766788, createdTime=Sun Mar 06 20:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=66851, encodeId=12a666851bc, content=学习了,原来是于血睾丸屏障有关啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01621631568, createdName=飞翔9899, createdTime=Wed Mar 02 18:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=66127, encodeId=1d786612ea5, content=布置作业了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Feb 28 11:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=66126, encodeId=9034661260c, content=看看吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Feb 28 11:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1296532, encodeId=7ea21296532a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=efe0e645817' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76458, encryptionId=efe0e645817, topicName=精液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Sat Feb 27 05:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65637, encodeId=e39d6563eac, content=营养丰富, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160216/IMG56C28FA0D251A3302.jpg, createdBy=1c9c1687290, createdName=青争, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 17:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65628, encodeId=be266562862, content=危险, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160219/IMG56C6C68249B6F6895.jpg, createdBy=4a1b1689144, createdName=tiffany8083, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 17:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65615, encodeId=c10b656151f, content=额,已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 17:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-25 青争

    营养丰富

    0

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    2016-02-25 tiffany8083

    危险

    0

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    2016-02-25 ssummer

    额,已阅

    0

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