中国假肥大型肌营养不良症诊治指南

2016-08-16 中华医学会神经病学分会 中华医学会神经病学分会神经肌肉病学组 中华医学会神经病学分会肌电图及临床神经生理学组 神经科空间

假肥大型肌营养不良症(pseudohypertrophy muscular dystrophy)包括杜兴型肌营养不良症(Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD)和贝克型肌营养不良症(Becker muscular dystrophy, BMD),二者均是由于抗肌萎缩蛋白(dystrophin, dys)基因突变所致的X-连锁隐性遗传病。DMD的发病率约为30/10万男

假肥大型肌营养不良症(pseudohypertrophy muscular dystrophy)包括杜兴型肌营养不良症(Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD)和贝克型肌营养不良症(Becker muscular dystrophy, BMD),二者均是由于抗肌萎缩蛋白(dystrophin, dys)基因突变所致的X-连锁隐性遗传病。DMD的发病率约为30/10万男婴。DMD/BMD患者dys缺乏主要导致了骨骼肌细胞膜缺陷,细胞内的肌酸激酶(creatine kinase)等外漏,肌细胞坏死、脂肪组织和纤维结缔组织增生。DMD早期的主要表现为下肢近端和骨盆带肌萎缩和无力、小腿腓肠肌假性肥大、鸭步和Gowers征,晚期可出现全身骨骼肌萎缩,通常在20多岁死于呼吸衰竭或心力衰竭。规范的多学科综合治疗可以减缓病情的进展,延长患者的生命和提高其生活质量。
BMD患者的临床过程与DMD相似,但病情进展缓慢,预后良好。DMD和BMD的诊断大致相同,本指南只涉及DMD的诊断、治疗和预防等方面内容。

诊断


一、DMD的临床特征

DMD患儿在不同的年龄具有不同的临床特征[1,2] :(1)新生儿时期至3岁前,主要表现为运动发育延迟,多数患儿在18个月后开始走路,行走能力比同龄儿差。出生后患儿的血清肌酸激酶水平就显著升高,可为正常值的10~20倍。(2)在学龄前期(3~5岁)主要表现为双小腿腓肠肌肥大、足尖走路、易跌跤,上楼梯、跳跃等运动能力较同龄儿明显落后。患儿有翼状肩胛,双膝反射减弱,双踝反射正常。5岁左右血清肌酸激酶达最高峰,可为正常值的50~100倍。(3)学龄早期(6~9岁)除上述症状外,还可表现出四肢近端肌萎缩、Gowers征、腰前凸、鸭步逐渐加重,下蹲不能起立,上楼更加困难,常有踝关节挛缩。(4)学龄晚期(10~12岁)上述症状进行性加重,马蹄内翻足明显,行走很困难或不能行走。虽无明显心脏症状,但超声心动图常显示左心房和左心室扩大。X线检查可有脊柱侧弯。(5)青少年期(13~17岁)患者表现为起居等生活不能自理,需用轮椅外出活动,常有双膝关节、髋关节、肘关节挛缩,脊柱侧弯,摸头困难,曾经肥大的腓肠肌逐渐萎缩。(6)成年期(18岁以上)表现为全身肌肉萎缩、脊柱侧弯、关节挛缩进行性加重,生活完全不能自理,呼吸困难,二氧化碳潴留,常因肺部感染诱发呼吸衰竭和心力衰竭[1,2]。

大约1/3的患者智力轻度下降。患儿因运动能力不如同龄儿经常陷入自暴自弃的心理环境中,情绪不稳定,不愿与人交往或有破坏性举动。

二、辅助检查

1.血清学检测:

(1)血清酶学检测:主要检测血清肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)。DMD患者的血清肌酸激酶水平显著升高(正常值的20~100倍),具有诊断意义。在DMD晚期,因患者肌肉严重萎缩,可出现血清肌酸激酶明显下降[2,3]。LDH和CK-MB水平轻中度升高。(2)其他:DMD患儿血清肌酐(creatinine)水平明显降低[4],血清脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide)水平轻中度升高[5]。

2.基因检查:

多重连接探针扩增(multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification, MLPA)方法可检测DMD基因79个外显子的缺失或重复;DNA测序可明确DMD基因的点突变和微小突变。当明确先证者的突变类型后,可应用PCR对家系其他成员进行已知突变位点的检测。我国DMD患者基因缺失突变占60%,重复突变占10%,点突变占20%,微小突变占10%[6,7,8]。

3.肌肉活体组织检查(简称活检):

显微镜下可见肌纤维大小不等,萎缩肌纤维呈小圆形,可伴有肌纤维变性、坏死和吞噬现象;有明显的肌纤维肥大、增生和分裂,可有核内移纤维;肌纤维间隙明显增宽,并有大量脂肪组织和纤维结缔组织增生。应用dys抗体免疫组织化学染色显示肌纤维膜不着色。

4.肌电图:

呈肌源性损害。

5.肌肉MRI:

受累肌肉出现不同程度的水肿、脂肪浸润和间质增生,呈"蚕食现象"。DMD患者近端骨骼肌受累的规律为:臀大肌最早受累,然后依次为大收肌、股二头肌、股直肌、股外侧肌、半腱肌、半膜肌;股薄肌和缝匠肌相对不受累。

6.其他检查:

X线、心电图和超声心动图可了解DMD患者的心脏受累程度。肺功能检测可了解肺活量情况。心肺功能减弱随年龄增长而逐渐加重,10岁以后应每年做1次心肺功能检测。

三、诊断要点

1.X连锁隐性遗传,3~5岁隐袭起病,进行性发展,12岁后不能行走。

2.早期表现为双下肢无力、鸭步、Gowers征、起蹲困难和腓肠肌肥大;随年龄增长,出现双上肢无力及翼状肩胛;晚期可出现关节挛缩及脊柱畸形。

3.血清肌酸激酶显著升高至正常值的数十倍,甚至上百倍。

4.肌电图提示肌源性受损。 

5.肌肉活检呈典型肌源性受损,且dys抗体染色呈阴性。

6.超声心动图可提示左心室扩大,MRI提示肌肉出现水肿和脂肪浸润。

7.DMD基因检测为外显子缺失、重复、微小突变或点突变。

对于典型的DMD患儿,若基因检测已确诊,则不需要做肌肉活检和肌电图检查[9];但若要了解患儿肌肉dys表达的程度并判断病情的轻重,则需要做肌肉活检免疫组织化学检测。因其他原因(入幼儿园体检)偶然检测到血清肌酸激酶显著升高者应进一步做DMD基因检测[1]。

四、鉴别诊断

1.BMD:

临床表现与DMD相似,伴有血清肌酸激酶水平显著升高、腓肠肌假性肥大。但发病年龄较晚,病情进展缓慢,通常16岁以后尚可行走;肌肉活检行dys染色可见部分肌肉染色阳性[2,3]。

2.肢带型肌营养不良症2C、2D、2E、2F型:

因在儿童期有四肢近端肌萎缩无力和血清肌酸激酶明显升高表现,需与DMD进行鉴别。但该病为常染色体隐性遗传,肌肉活检dys检测正常,各亚型的基因检测存在致病性突变。

3.脊肌萎缩症2型(SMAⅡ,即慢性Werdnig-Hoffmann病):

因有对称分布的四肢近端肌萎缩表现,需与DMD相鉴别。但该病起病较DMD早(1岁半前起病),有肌束震颤;血清肌酸激酶水平基本正常;肌电图表现为神经源性损害;肌肉活检结果为神经性肌萎缩。

4.皮肌炎:

儿童皮肌炎因四肢近端无力和肌酶水平升高需与DMD进行鉴别。但皮肌炎主要表现为眼睑、眼周和关节伸面有红色斑疹、四肢近端无力,肌酶升高,肌肉活检存在束周萎缩,皮肤和肌肉存在免疫反应所致的微血管损害,应用免疫抑制剂治疗有效。

5.多发性肌炎:

因对称性肢体近端无力而需与DMD相鉴别。但本病无遗传史,病情进展较快,常有肌痛,血清酶水平增高,肌肉病理符合肌炎改变,用皮质类固醇治疗有效,不难鉴别。

治疗

DMD迄今为止尚无治愈的方法。提倡多学科综合治疗,以神经科医生为主,联合呼吸科、心内科、康复科、心理科的医生、DMD专职护理人员和社会工作者,在病情的不同阶段进行相应的处理和指导。每半年检查DMD患者的身体状况,并对治疗进行评估。

一、药物治疗

1.糖皮质激素:

泼尼松0.75 mg·kg-1·d-1,可以延长患者独立行走的时间。长期应用的不良反应主要有肥胖、骨质疏松、椎骨骨折、血压升高、血糖升高等。

若无禁忌证,4~6岁患儿的运动功能进入平台期时,应开始使用泼尼松治疗,同时补充钾、钙和维生素D。不能行走的患者,泼尼松的剂量应减为0.3~0.6 mg·kg-1·d-1。若患者对泼尼松的不良反应无法耐受,则应减少1/3的用量,并在1个月后再行不良反应评估[9]。国内的经验是对12岁以内的患儿,泼尼松的用量每天为10~20 mg,并根据患儿对药物是否耐受来调整剂量,同时注意补充钙片、维生素D和氯化钾,并嘱其控制饮食和适量运动。如需停用泼尼松,应逐渐减量至停止[3]。

2.其他药物:

口服维生素E、辅酶Q10,可能会有一定作用。

二、康复治疗

患者需要终身接受不同类别的康复治疗,以维持肌肉的伸展性和预防关节挛缩,改善肌肉的组织微循环,促进代偿性肥大,延缓肌纤维的变性和坏死,最大限度地维持残留的肌肉功能,维持心肺功能并延长生命。康复训练包括:(1)学龄前期可进行适当的肌肉阻力训练,可以使DMD患者的肌力增强,但不宜进行离心性耐力训练,如下楼梯、反复下蹲起立等。穿矫形鞋,可使踝关节挛缩减轻。(2)保持日常活动,做小运动量的游戏等。当患者行走困难时,可用站立床控制关节挛缩和脊柱前凸,用呼吸训练器锻炼肺功能。(3)注重手指功能的训练,鼓励患者操纵电动轮椅电钮、计算机键盘。(4)职能训练,DMD患者可学习手工制作、雕刻、绘画等运动量小的技艺[3,9,10]。

三、呼吸系统并发症的治疗

大多数DMD患者死于呼吸肌无力的并发症,如肺部感染、呼吸衰竭。(1)如果出现肺部感染,要及时使用抗生素,有效控制感染。(2)肺活量低于50%的患者应及时使用无创呼吸机。(3)当患者咳嗽无力和不能排痰时,应气管切开吸痰,保持呼吸道通畅。(4)2岁以上的DMD患儿可接种肺炎疫苗、每年接种流感疫苗[3,9]。

四、心脏病的治疗

患者心脏病主要是扩张型心肌病和心律失常。根据不同的症状可选用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素受体Ⅱ阻滞剂;心动过速可用β受体阻滞剂;若DMD患者的扩张性心肌损害明显影响其射血功能,可使用洋地黄制剂[2]。

五、外科矫形治疗

丧失行走能力后,DMD患者常出现脊柱侧凸、后凸,对呼吸功能、进食、坐位等有较大的影响,可进行脊柱侧凸手术治疗。若患者在可步行期间发生骨折,应进行内固定手术稳定骨折,尽快恢复行走。若患者失去行走能力后发生骨折,可用夹板或石膏固定骨折部位。严重的马蹄内翻足畸形患者可以进行手术矫正治疗[2,5]。

六、其他治疗[1,9]

1.营养:

要保持良好的营养进食,预防营养不良和肥胖。

2.骨质疏松: 

患儿在学龄期后会逐渐出现骨质疏松,应每年检查1次骨密度,及时补充维生素D3和钙。

3.心理治疗:

患儿经常自暴自弃,情绪波动,不愿与人交往或有破坏性举动,需在早期行心理辅导。在成年期,需要良好的护理、独立人格发挥及平等的教育等。大约30%的DMD患者需进行抗抑郁治疗。对每个患者要进行具体分析从而制定个体化的治疗方案。

4.教育:

大部分患儿可完成小学4年级前阶段的学习,以后由于行动困难常辍学。应鼓励患儿通过电视、广播学习知识。

5.家庭护理:

早期进行关节的屈伸运动,改善关节畸形和肌腱挛缩;坚持进行热水浴、按摩,改善肌肉的血液循环。晚期应帮助患者翻身、排痰、改变体位,顺应患者的心愿。

6.基因治疗和干细胞治疗:

DMD的基因治疗[11]和干细胞治疗[12]至今仍处于基础和临床研究阶段,因此,还不能作为DMD患者的临床治疗手段。    

预防

由于目前尚无有效的治疗方法,因此,检出携带者、进行产前诊断、人工流产患病胎儿就显得格外重要。首先,应确定先证者(患儿)的基因型,然后确定其母亲是否是携带者。当携带者怀孕以后应进行产前基因诊断,若是病胎则终止妊娠,防止患儿出生[3]。

一、携带者的检出

MLPA等方法可准确检测DMD携带者的基因杂合缺失/重复的范围,点突变家系可进行基因测序,明确其杂合突变位点。已生育过1个DMD患儿的母亲,即使其外周血检测并非携带者,在未来怀孕也存在生育DMD患儿的风险,因其可能是生殖细胞嵌合体,基因突变可能发生在其卵细胞内。因此,已生育过1个DMD患儿的母亲,虽然不是携带者,当再次怀孕后也应做产前基因诊断。

二、产前诊断

1.孕期产前基因诊断:

在有资质的医院,DMD携带者可在妊娠9~12周取胎盘绒毛或17~23周取羊水进行产前基因检测,携带有与先证者相同突变基因的男胎应采取人工流产措施;携带有与其母亲相同突变基因的女胎,也应告知受检夫妇,因8%左右的女性携带者表现为轻重不同的症状,而且其下一代男孩仍将有发病风险。

2.胚胎种植前遗传学诊断:

在有资质的医院,对于基因诊断明确的DMD携带者,可经体外人工受精后检测囊胚中的1个细胞,以确定该囊胚的DMD基因是否正常。对正常囊胚进行移植,可以生育健康后代[13]。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2007041, encodeId=b8df200e041e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21fe810e29d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌营养不良症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81072, encryptionId=21fe810e29d, topicName=肌营养不良症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 21:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1737034, encodeId=02671e370342f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ee1810e0ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌营养不良#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81070, encryptionId=6ee1810e0ad, topicName=肌营养不良)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cd6034244098, createdName=751943081_32627960, createdTime=Tue Dec 20 00:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105375, encodeId=65b01053e5c9, content=赞!文章有深度,值得收藏拜读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 08:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=100832, encodeId=3dbb100832a8, content=这个病很少见,我没见过, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLMzGpMQ8w4I7FpiblCXNcmI6O7TDINutbaicEUpoYFR1rWqn3kTbulfMhT0iaPFurLz2ddEcWe3BiciaQ/0, createdBy=5f6e1724878, createdName=136****0753赵, createdTime=Fri Aug 19 15:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604728, encodeId=f8031604e2866, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c279166488' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91664, encryptionId=9c279166488, topicName=诊治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d4719270101, createdName=ms9651749636653578, createdTime=Thu Aug 18 13:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99681, encodeId=00be9968163, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Aug 17 13:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99682, encodeId=4518996828d, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Aug 17 13:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2007041, encodeId=b8df200e041e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21fe810e29d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌营养不良症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81072, encryptionId=21fe810e29d, topicName=肌营养不良症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Sat Sep 10 21:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1737034, encodeId=02671e370342f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ee1810e0ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌营养不良#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81070, encryptionId=6ee1810e0ad, topicName=肌营养不良)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cd6034244098, createdName=751943081_32627960, createdTime=Tue Dec 20 00:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105375, encodeId=65b01053e5c9, content=赞!文章有深度,值得收藏拜读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 08:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=100832, encodeId=3dbb100832a8, content=这个病很少见,我没见过, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLMzGpMQ8w4I7FpiblCXNcmI6O7TDINutbaicEUpoYFR1rWqn3kTbulfMhT0iaPFurLz2ddEcWe3BiciaQ/0, createdBy=5f6e1724878, createdName=136****0753赵, createdTime=Fri Aug 19 15:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604728, encodeId=f8031604e2866, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c279166488' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91664, encryptionId=9c279166488, topicName=诊治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d4719270101, createdName=ms9651749636653578, createdTime=Thu Aug 18 13:29:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99681, encodeId=00be9968163, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Aug 17 13:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=99682, encodeId=4518996828d, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Wed Aug 17 13:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-27 ylzr123

    赞!文章有深度,值得收藏拜读。

    0

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    2016-08-19 136****0753赵

    这个病很少见,我没见过

    0

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    2016-08-17 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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    2016-08-17 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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