便秘、进食困难、体重下降?戳这里

2020-06-02 杨波 十院结直肠病与微生态诊疗中心

慢性便秘继发肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征的诊断与治疗--李氏三联征

慢性便秘继发肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征的诊断与治疗
--李氏三联征

周一的早晨,上海市第十人民医院李宁主任专家诊室如往常一样忙碌。一名14岁的重庆小女孩小芳(化名)走进了诊室,紧跟在后面的是脸上万分着急焦虑的父亲。李宁主任亲自接待了小女孩,交谈过程中李宁主任了解到,小女孩有慢性便秘4年余,3-5天/次,大便干结,如羊屎蛋样。每天使用“开塞露、芦荟胶囊”等药物辅助排便,最近半年进食下降,出现了进食后恶心呕吐不适,体重下降了8kg,身高也没有达到同龄小孩的水平,最让家里人着急的是小芳已经闭经3个月。一家人在当地以及全国各大医院求医问诊,小芳的症状仍没有好转,经多方打听,来到了上海市第十人民医院找到了李宁教授。李宁教授看着可爱稚气的小芳,摸着她的脑袋笃定地说:“我们来帮助小女孩”。


入院后通过相关检查,李宁主任仔细分析了相关病情,发现患者小芳长期的慢性便秘后导致腹胀腹痛,焦虑或抑郁等症状会引起食欲减退,进而出现营养不良。有研究表明,10.8%的慢性便秘患者出现体重质量下降,35.1%的便秘患者出现体脂下降。长期的营养不良、全身体脂降低可导致肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉间夹角的脂肪垫减少,引起夹角变小。我们团队在长期的临床工作及研究中发现,慢性便秘患者体重指数<18kg/m2,可增加肠系膜上动脉压迫的风险。一旦发生肠系膜上动脉压迫,则可出现上消化道梗阻症状,如频发呕吐、进食困难等,进一步影响营养摄入,加重营养不良,同时水和膳食纤维的摄入不足,导致和加剧肠道菌群紊乱、结肠黏膜和平滑肌受损进而加重便秘。

结肠中动脉在胰头下缘起于肠系膜上动脉的凹侧,随即进入横结肠系膜,向右前方分为左、右两支。在我们收治的患者常规放置鼻空肠管后行小肠碘水造影后发现,便秘患者常出现横结肠下垂、坠入盆腔的解剖学异常表现,下垂的横结肠将牵拉结肠中动脉,进而牵拉肠系膜上动脉,导致肠系膜上动脉的张力增加,进而导致腹主动脉与肠系膜上动脉间夹角缩小。横结肠下垂又可引起结肠脾曲的相对抬高,往往与结肠肝区相距3~7个椎体。横结肠坠入盆腔和脾曲升高,可导致结肠内粪便推动困难,加重便秘。同时粪便淤积在横结肠内,由于重力的作用,导致横结肠进一步下垂,便秘进一步加重,肠系膜上动脉张力进一步增加、夹角进一步缩小,肠系膜上动脉压迫的症状进一步加重,营养状况愈加恶化。便秘、营养不良、上消化道梗阻的症状三联征又与横结肠下垂、脾曲升高和肠系膜上动脉压迫的解剖三联征之间互为因果,恶性循环。

因此,针对小芳的临床症状及相关检查,符合慢性便秘继发肠系膜上动脉综合征的表现,治疗上并未积极进行手术治疗,而是让小芳放置了一根鼻空肠营养管,建立空肠营养通路,尝试给予鼻饲肠内营养治疗,嘱小芳每天进行胸膝位,每次15分钟,每日三次,小芳说进行胸膝位后明显感觉排气增加,腹胀也得到明显缓解。同时我们给予小芳经鼻空肠营养管进行菌群移植(FMT)6日。出院后继续给予鼻饲肠内营养及胸膝位。

三个月后一天小芳的父亲突然打电话过来感激地说:“李主任,非常感谢您对我的女儿精心治疗,出院后女儿的便秘慢慢改善,每1-2天/次,能自主排便,营养状况也明显改善,体重增加了10kg,最重要的是她的月经前几天也来了,真是太感谢了”。

针对这一特殊类群患者,李宁教授发现这一错综复杂关系并总结为包括(1)临床症状:此类患者具有慢性便秘、营养不良以及上消化道梗阻(呕吐、进食困难)的三联症状;(2)解剖学表现:为横结肠下垂、脾曲升高和肠系膜上动脉压迫的异常三联征;(3)治疗:此类患者需要给予营养支持治疗改善全身营养状况、取胸膝位改善横结肠下垂和肠系膜上动脉压迫以及菌群移植为主的肠道微生态治疗改善便秘的三联治疗,从而治疗慢性便秘继发的肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征。该症状和解剖我们将其命名为“李氏三联征”。如果对慢性便秘、营养不良以及上消化道梗阻(频发呕吐、进食困难)三者互为因果、恶性循环的关系认识不足,则治疗效果欠佳,冒然手术治疗更可能带来灾难性后果。

因此,给予营养支持、胸膝位和菌群移植为主的肠道微生态治疗的三联治疗,可同时纠正症状三联和解剖三联的异常,形成良性循环而同时治疗慢性便秘、营养不良和肠系膜上动脉压迫。以往此类患者如需手术治疗,需要同时治疗慢性便秘和肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征,如遗漏任何一并存症,手术疗效欠佳的可能性大大增加,且两者同时行手术治疗,则手术创伤和风险增加。

我们团队进行相关研究,78例符合三联征的病例中,69例经肠内营养支持、胸膝位、菌群移植治疗后,症状明显改善,9例因症状改善不明显而行手术治疗。此9例患者虽然经保守治疗仍不能完全缓解,但其中一项并存症均得到缓解(8例缓解了肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征,1例缓解了便秘症状),使得手术治疗仅仅需解决便秘或者肠系膜上动脉压迫一个病症,降低手术难度和风险。

因此,“李氏三联征”中的症状三联和解剖三联对慢性便秘继发肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征的诊断提出明确的概念,避免误诊和漏诊。而营养支持、胸膝位和菌群移植的三联治疗,可同时治疗慢性便秘、营养不良和肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征,即使症状无法同时缓解,其中一个症状缓解,营养状况改善,后续的手术治疗也将变得更为简单、安全、有效。

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    2020-12-05 夜空中的星星

    太厉害了

    0

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    2020-10-24 ms6000001028586350

    👍

    0

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    2020-09-06 292943352

    学习学习

    0

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    2020-06-04 gj0737
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=905161, encodeId=99d7905161ac, content=太厉害了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201117/5280595f4a8d4ca7ab73b174d9c3c0db/1046ed60076e4eb7af96ed8150a5d41d.jpg, createdBy=58fb5435671, createdName=夜空中的星星, createdTime=Sat Dec 05 11:53:20 CST 2020, time=2020-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=894157, encodeId=258c89415e6b, content=👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f2245428443, createdName=ms6000001028586350, createdTime=Sat Oct 24 17:21:11 CST 2020, time=2020-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=883157, encodeId=e8de88315e1e, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200906/1e606906249a4175995d52dc8cfb6add/ae3614833f54458e9d6c5f9c699739cd.jpg, createdBy=836c1347055, createdName=292943352, createdTime=Sun Sep 06 21:55:27 CST 2020, time=2020-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1585149, encodeId=6cba1585149ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=625c9440e39' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#进食#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94407, encryptionId=625c9440e39, topicName=进食)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=94cc17130334, createdName=gj0737, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 04:16:35 CST 2020, time=2020-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=601212, encodeId=915760121204, content=🙋🙋🙋, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210706/5924e86cc73c43efb5bad9dd92ac0d7b/63609a5527c447f48b59b39dd248a66f.jpg, createdBy=cf0a5102349, createdName=站在塔尖, createdTime=Tue Jun 02 21:51:31 CST 2020, time=2020-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-06-02 站在塔尖

    🙋🙋🙋

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