仅喝一次酒,就能长期改变大脑!PNAS:单次醉酒能改变神经元,或发展为“酒精成瘾”

2022-09-05 梅斯头条 MedSci原创

从不喝酒的人可能很难理解爱酒人士,“啤酒苦、白酒辣”,酒究竟有啥好喝的?事实上,酒将对大脑产生严重影响

从不喝酒的人可能很难理解爱酒人士,“啤酒苦、白酒辣”,酒究竟有啥好喝的?事实上,千百年来,饮酒已然成为人们生活中必不可少的一部分。除了借酒消愁、寄托感情之外,酒还是社交的“润滑剂”,甚至被赋予了沟通感情、解决问题的作用。

酒精的危害不言而喻,最为人熟知的一点便是“成瘾”,因此酒也是世界上使用最为广泛的成瘾性物质。据不完全统计全球仅有5%的成年人在一生之中滴酒不沾,而除了这部分完全禁酒者之外,其他任何程度的饮酒者都算作酒精成瘾的潜在人群。

 

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图源:摄图网

 

众所周知,随着饮酒量和频率的增加,酒精成瘾及健康损害的风险自然也会增加。但浅浅地尝一口也不行吗?仅喝一次酒就会导致成瘾?

没错!PNAS期刊上刊登的来自德国研究学者发表的Single-dose ethanol intoxication causes acute and lasting neuronal changes in the brain研究显示,即使单次饮酒,也可能永久性地改变大脑内神经元的形态,尤其是影响海马突触的结构和线粒体动力学,进而诱发酒精成瘾的发生!

换句话说,从没喝过酒的人千万不要触碰酒精这个“潘多拉魔盒”!你以为只是“蜻蜓点水”地尝试一次,但很可能埋下长期酗酒的“罪恶种子”。

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https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122477119

 

仅单次给予小鼠50mM的乙醇(引起急性酒精中毒的量),就会诱发脑内海马突触蛋白质的丰度水平发生改变,而这种改变在年轻小鼠中更为明显。

具体来说,在乙醇的刺激下,研究者检测到小鼠海马中72种蛋白质发生了显著改变,包括苹果酸脱氢酶、单胺氧化酶A、GAP-43和酪氨酸蛋白激酶Fyn等。此外,乙醇降低了γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 再摄取转运蛋白GAT4GABA转氨酶的突触丰度,增加脑内GABA的信号传递。值得注意的是,急性乙醇暴露还影响了ankyrin-GMAP6,而这两种蛋白是维持脊柱稳定性的关键蛋白。

总的来说,单次急性酒精中毒改变了小鼠脑内多种蛋白,影响了突触传递及可塑性、线粒体功能、细胞凋亡以及神经退行性疾病等。更为严重的是,酒精损伤具有突触累积的持久性,也就是说,即使小鼠有着很高的乙醇代谢水平,这种脑损伤都会持续存在。

图片体内乙醇依赖性突触蛋白动力学的免疫荧光检测

 

不仅如此,研究者还在饮酒后的小鼠丘脑内观察到线粒体流动性的显著增加:急性酒精中毒的1h内,脑内线粒体迁移率显著增加,并在3h时达到峰值;且这种线粒体流动性增加的效果维持了4h左右,直到一天后才恢复基线水平。

这种较高的线粒体迁移率,干扰了线粒体的正常运动,阻碍了最佳的能量传递方式。具体表现在小鼠的精准行为、虚警率、效率和表现明显下降,也就是说,小鼠喝醉之后,走路歪歪倒倒,对突发事件的反应变得很慢,做事的效率和完成度都会大打折扣,而这种情况持续了至少48h。

乙醇对线粒体运动的影响,会进一步改变大脑神经元的可塑性。而这些神经元的形态重塑,是学习和记忆的基础,也是酒精成瘾发生过程中至关重要的一环。这也解释了为什么仅一次的“醉酒”就可能引起酗酒甚至成瘾的发生。

 

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线粒体运动是介导多巴胺能神经元中的乙醇积极奖励特性所必需的

本研究的负责人Henrike Scholz教授表示,导致这种复杂奖励行为的细胞过程,就算在不同的物种之间也表现出高度类似性,所以“酒精中毒及成瘾”的机制可以类推到人类身上的。因此,个人而言,“早期首次”的醉酒行为,是生命后期酒精中毒以及成瘾的关键风险因素。

综上,动物实验证明,单次急性乙醇中毒会导致短期及长期的突触蛋白质和线粒体动力学的变化,进一步诱发与酒精成瘾性相关的神经元改变,而且这种影响在生命早期更加明显。对人类而言,人生早期的首次醉酒,就会改变你的大脑,或使你走上酗酒的“不归路”!

所以,“滴酒不沾”的人,一定要坚持这个良好的习惯!酒精伤脑并非说说而已,你以为“仅一次”的尝试也很有可能埋下“罪恶的种子”。中秋节就快要到了,如果别人一定让你喝,就只能拿出“挡酒神器”头孢了。

 

参考文献:
Johannes Knabbe et al, Single-dose ethanol intoxication causes acute and lasting neuronal changes in the brain, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2022). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122477119.
撰文 | Swagpp
编辑 | Swagpp

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    2022-11-10 drwjr
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    2022-09-08 ms6000000998462516

    0

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    2022-09-06 ayqdf

    感谢分享。

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