让医生幸福,从精简病历做起

2015-11-02 梁阿伦大夫 健康界

有人戏言,中国医生的主要工作是写病历,而不是治疗疾病本身,因为占据中国医生最多时间的是病历书写。本文通过查阅试图简化病历的若干相关文献,结合病历书写与诊疗过程的实际情况,综述精简病历、为中国医生减负的必要性。论精简病历的必要性中国病历,目前已然成为中国医疗的八股文,徒具形式,繁文累赘,消耗医生的精力,但于治疗过程的客观记录并非必要,于病人无益,于医生的临床思维培养已不具积极意义。故精简病历,释

有人戏言,中国医生的主要工作是写病历,而不是治疗疾病本身,因为占据中国医生最多时间的是病历书写。本文通过查阅试图简化病历的若干相关文献,结合病历书写与诊疗过程的实际情况,综述精简病历、为中国医生减负的必要性。

论精简病历的必要性

中国病历,目前已然成为中国医疗的八股文,徒具形式,繁文累赘,消耗医生的精力,但于治疗过程的客观记录并非必要,于病人无益,于医生的临床思维培养已不具积极意义。故精简病历,释放医生的精力与时间,释放医生的创新动能与欲望,还医生的时间于病人(更多时间沟通,更多时间观察与治疗),同时使治疗过程的客观记录更客观、真实并更具可信性,其意义无异于中国医疗界的新文化运动。

1.病历书写,已成为中国医生工作上的沉重负担。

付强等[1](卫生部医院管理研究所)受原卫生部医政司所托,2012年通过问卷调查方式在全国范围内开展住院病历书写与管理现状及改进研究。其对全国91所三级医疗机构3779医护人员进行问卷调查,了解医务人员对目前病历书写繁简程度的认识及简化病历书写的意见。结果显示现行病历书写耗时普遍超出期许,简化病历书写应保留强化核心内容,剥离非诊疗需要的书写。从调查结果看,医务人员完成1份入院记录与病程记录书写分别耗时20 - 60 分钟(82.8% 受访者观点)和10- 30分钟(75.7% 受访者观点)之间,而与此相应的医务人员书写耗时预期时间均为不超过15分钟(80.6% 和73.2% 受访者观点)。由此证明,精简现行病历符合广大医务工作者的愿望。事实上,在一些落后地区,无电子病历,其耗时更长。有医生戏言,每一份病历都是一部中篇小说,住院时间长的甚至是一部长篇巨著,其不但在医院上班时埋头运笔,还要搬回家继续挑灯夜著(手写病历)。同时,83.4% 的受访者认为病历中记录、反映患者客观情况以及实际诊疗措施部分的内容应予强化,67.2% 的受者者认为病历中有关临床思维过程的内容应予简化压缩。
 

中国现行《病历书写规范》对病历书写进行了近乎苛刻的、极其细致的要求。比如现病史必须至少3行以上,病程记录不能少于3天1记,若危重病例,若病情变化则随时记录,若病情无变化,则每天1记。而病程记录,还有严格的细致要求,如包括主诉症状,阴性症状,一般情况,体格检查,相关检查及检验结果、诊断与病情的分析,上级医生的意见,治疗措施。而入院前三天必须每天记病记体现三级查房制度。事实上,若病人的主诉比较少,病史简单,如何必须写上三行字?若病情不重,1个礼拜都无变化,或即使病情重,但稳定于某种状态,没有改善,也没有恶化,难道必须要用废话铺满吗?有患者投诉:医生,你是否先把我的病治好,然后再慢慢写(病历)呢?病没治好,只顾着写,有什么用!当然,患者不知道中国所有的医院都有监督医生病历书写的部门(通常是医教科、病案室),他们像特务一样监督着医生是否及时、规范完成病历书写,一旦发现不合格者,则不仅罚奖金,还记录在案,影响晋升。



2.病历质量与医疗质量无关

即使近乎吹毛求疵的病历书写要求,仍然无法保障医疗质量,因为病历质量与医疗质量无相关。举个例子,病历书写记录病人营养中等,肺部有啰音、或无啰音,心脏有杂音、或无杂音。这些情况,可能是病人的客观情况,但也可能不是,其原因可能是接诊医生的水平所限(有心脏杂音,但他辨别不出来),也可能是不负责任的作假(没有完整的体格检查,只图个完成任务。而越过分的病历书写要求,假的病历比例则越多。)——而这是检查病历的人完全无法判断的,除非亲自查看病人。相比与医生的病历书写,护理的记录则更具可信性,如体温、血压、脉搏、身高体重、病人的不适主诉等。精简病历,应尽可能使其客观化[2]。

3.基于追踪法评估医院的医疗水平与医疗质量[3],现行的病历书写并不能作为医疗水平与医疗质量有力、客观的佐证。

追踪法,分个案追踪与系统追踪两个方式。个案追踪法,以特定患者的就诊经过,更注重就诊过程中每一环节的现场信息收集,分析患者所需要的与所接受到的治疗措施是否及时、得当、正确,注重患者就诊体验,而非病历书写的主观分析与“自圆其说”。比如一个心肌梗塞的患者首先在急诊就诊,然后送至导管室行CABG术,术后送至ICU,病情平稳后转至心血管内科,然后出院——根据这个病人的治疗过程中的每个环节分析判断医院的管理与医疗质量。比如,这个病人是如何确诊的?在确诊之前,有无考虑到相关的鉴别诊断?在治疗措施实施之前,是否考虑到有可能的并发症及采取相应的预防措施?而这些规范的治疗过程与临床思维过程,必须经过客观的方式表现,如医嘱的处理、术前谈话记录,而不是医生病历书写的主观记录与分析,包括术前讨论的病历记录都是耽误医生的时间,却无益于患者的及时、正确救治。

中国现行病历还喜欢画蛇添足,喜欢把客观的检验与检查结果抄在病历上,并进行教科书式的分析,相当于又把书本抄了一遍。比如,一个病人检验结果提示高钾血症,病人需要的是医生及时下医嘱处理,护士及时执行医嘱,而不是病历记录。作为客观存在的检验结果、医嘱单、护理医嘱执行单,足以完整记录这个合理的诊疗过程。若一旦患者因没有受到及时的处理而出现并发症或不良后果,其责任判断依据应是客观的证据[4],而不是主观的、并存在涂改可能的病历书写。

结语:精简病历,具有必要性的重要意义。

中国一些传统的老专家、学者,往往以中国病历书写的认真、详细、规范自豪。然而国外精简、马虎的病历书写却并不影响国外医疗的质量与医疗技术的进步。中国庞大的人口基数与悬殊的医患比例,决定医生的诊疗过程必须更高效、省时,而通过精简病历给中国医生减负、给中国医疗系统减负是摆在中国医疗卫生领导者的重要责任之一。只有精简病历,才能缩短与国际病案管理的差距[5-6],然后才能缩短与国际医疗水平的差距。

参考文献

[1].付强,王平,赵丽.简化住院病历书写的必要性及改进建议[J] .中国病案,2013 ,14(8):8 - 10 .
[2].章尚乐,陈文胜,陆伟良,张文家.简化病历书写的思考与探讨[J] .中国医院,2013(7) .
[3].张幸国,刘庭芳,杨泉森.追踪方法学在医院评价及质量持续改进中的应用[J] .中华医院管理杂志,2011 ,27(9) :691- 694.
[4].李东镖 ,武志坚 ,董玲珑.从临床法医学角度防范病历缺陷引发的医疗纠纷[J] .解放军医院管理杂志,2012 ,,19(8) :703 - 704.
[5].Newton KM , Peissig PL , Kho AN , Bielinski SJ , Berg RL , Choudhary V ,Basford M ,Chute CG ,Kullo IJ ,Li R et al :Validation  of electronic medical record-based phenotyping algorithms :results and lessons learned from the eMERGE network[J].Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA2013,20(e1):e147-154.
[6].Lau F ,Price M ,Lesperance M :Developing a multivariate elec- tronic medical record integration model for primary health care[J].Studies in health technology and informatics 2013 ,183 :375- 381 .

(原标题:医生不能承受之重——论精简病历的必要性)

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    2015-12-03 cmn

    实习生…规培…

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    2015-11-03 Guoxj3234

    响应

    0

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    2015-11-02 zhouanxiu

    确切的

    0

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    2015-11-02 惜言

    我们应该减负

    0

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    2015-11-02 linglong1990

    赞成

    0

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    2015-11-02 玥月

    深有感触

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44557, encodeId=ec684455ec4, content=实习生…规培…, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 16:36:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42424, encodeId=6e234242482, content=响应, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Tue Nov 03 16:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42375, encodeId=0907423e59e, content=确切的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3yz0JbjHQ7nicJU7lHMOu0Itf3Zv3VBzEvK3k4AFPBXhiaxIRNGVI33GicoRXQEjkaasjdlWKwZuwcyhDP9Jibqt5ct/0, createdBy=f1281613275, createdName=zhouanxiu, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 22:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42366, encodeId=bf3f4236670, content=我们应该减负, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150830/IMG55E294026A9942981.jpg, createdBy=fa351627501, createdName=惜言, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 21:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42360, encodeId=cd924236039, content=赞成, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05151605011, createdName=linglong1990, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 18:26:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42348, encodeId=3191423483d, content=深有感触, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151019/IMG5624E2925EB643108.jpg, createdBy=ddfd1657548, createdName=玥月, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 17:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42314, encodeId=a8e2423141c, content=应该是精简, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2be01625436, createdName=fatalmelanie, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 15:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42315, encodeId=0c8a42315e4, content=重复做无用功, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2be01625436, createdName=fatalmelanie, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 15:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-11-02 fatalmelanie

    应该是精简

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44557, encodeId=ec684455ec4, content=实习生…规培…, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 16:36:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42424, encodeId=6e234242482, content=响应, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Tue Nov 03 16:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42375, encodeId=0907423e59e, content=确切的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3yz0JbjHQ7nicJU7lHMOu0Itf3Zv3VBzEvK3k4AFPBXhiaxIRNGVI33GicoRXQEjkaasjdlWKwZuwcyhDP9Jibqt5ct/0, createdBy=f1281613275, createdName=zhouanxiu, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 22:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42366, encodeId=bf3f4236670, content=我们应该减负, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150830/IMG55E294026A9942981.jpg, createdBy=fa351627501, createdName=惜言, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 21:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42360, encodeId=cd924236039, content=赞成, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=05151605011, createdName=linglong1990, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 18:26:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42348, encodeId=3191423483d, content=深有感触, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151019/IMG5624E2925EB643108.jpg, createdBy=ddfd1657548, createdName=玥月, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 17:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42314, encodeId=a8e2423141c, content=应该是精简, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2be01625436, createdName=fatalmelanie, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 15:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=42315, encodeId=0c8a42315e4, content=重复做无用功, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2be01625436, createdName=fatalmelanie, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 15:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-11-02 fatalmelanie

    重复做无用功

    0

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