Science Transl Med:刺激大脑有助治疗糖尿病

2018-06-05 赵熙熙 中国科学报

几年前,一名53岁的男子要求荷兰医生治疗他的强迫症(OCD),医生们随即提出了一种新颖且有希望的外科疗法:植入电极以刺激大脑中参与决策制定、奖励寻求和激励的深层脑组织。这种治疗显然帮助他摆脱了一种长期使用的精神病药物,同时它还带来了一个意外的附加效果——似乎改善了该男子的Ⅱ型糖尿病病情。


几年前,一名53岁的男子要求荷兰医生治疗他的强迫症(OCD),医生们随即提出了一种新颖且有希望的外科疗法:植入电极以刺激大脑中参与决策制定、奖励寻求和激励的深层脑组织。这种治疗显然帮助他摆脱了一种长期使用的精神病药物,同时它还带来了一个意外的附加效果——似乎改善了该男子的Ⅱ型糖尿病病情。

如今,研究人员认为他们已经找出了其中的原因。一项新的研究表明,增加多巴胺(一种参与动机和乐趣的神经递质)的活性,能够提高人体处理糖的能力。

并未参与这项新研究的美国马里兰州巴尔的摩市国家药物滥用研究所神经学家Mike Michaelides说,这是第一次在人类身上发现这种通道——之前在小鼠体内曾有类似的发现。对于大多数糖尿病患者来说,这并不能使脑深部刺激(DBS)成为现实,但是针对多巴胺的其他侵入性较低的大脑疗法也许有一天是可行的。

当一个人血液中的葡萄糖或糖浓度长期处于高水平时就会出现糖尿病。当免疫系统破坏产生胰岛素的胰腺细胞时就会产生Ⅰ型糖尿病(通常始于童年);胰岛素是一种让我们的细胞以糖作为食物的激素。Ⅱ型糖尿病通常由不良基因、糟糕的饮食习惯和缺乏锻炼共同导致,它也会损害身体产生胰岛素的能力。随着时间的推移,细胞很难去除血液中的糖,人体需要更多的胰岛素来维持血糖的稳定。这两种糖尿病目前都没有治愈的方法。

为了确定DBS是否为改善该男子糖尿病病情的原因(他从每天注射226个国际单位的胰岛素降到180个),阿姆斯特丹学术医学中心内分泌学家Mireille Serlie及其同事招募该男子做了一项实验。另外还有14名携带针对OCD的DBS植入物的男性和女性——但没有患糖尿病——也加入了他的行列。

Serlie及其同事关闭了DBS设备达17个小时,并测量了受试者的空腹血糖水平和对胰岛素的响应情况。该研究小组5月23日在《科学—转化医学》杂志上报告说,DBS显著提高了所有受试者的胰岛素敏感性。

对小鼠的研究表明,由研究人员刺激的相同决策区域(被称为腹侧纹状体)的神经元所释放的多巴胺,在调节体内葡萄糖的过程中起着关键作用。为了了解人类是否存在类似的机制,Serlie的团队给10名健康男性服用了一种会降低多巴胺水平的药物。研究人员报告说,这些男性的胰岛素敏感性一致降低了,从而支持了两者之间的联系。

该研究小组还使用了光遗传学——利用激光控制活体细胞——刺激小鼠的纹状体神经元。当神经细胞释放更多的多巴胺时,其他细胞从啮齿动物的血液中吸收葡萄糖的速率就会上升。

Michaelides说,小鼠的研究证实了之前他的小组和其他实验室的研究,表明在伏隔核(腹侧纹状体的一部分)中,多巴胺信号在葡萄糖代谢中起着一种关键作用。

哈佛大学医学院外科助理教授在波士顿Nima Saeidi警告说,通过DBS或其他方法瞄准大脑中的多巴胺对于大多数糖尿病患者而言可能不是一个有用的治疗方法,这是因为长期暴露在高浓度的葡萄糖和胰岛素下会显著改变细胞和器官的功能。

Saeidi警告说:“很有可能,作者在这里描述的结果对糖尿病患者来说是不可转移的。”Serlie也同意对一些人来说,细胞损伤可能是不可逆转的。但在疾病的早期阶段,她认为,“这真的可以帮助”提高人体已经形成的胰岛素的有效性。

原始出处:

Kasper W. ter Horst, et al. Striatal dopamine regulates systemic glucose metabolism in humans and mice.Science Translational Medicine Vol. 10, No. 442 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar3752

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    2018-09-21 bsmagic9140
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    2018-06-07 jichang
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