尺骨鹰嘴骨折固定:克氏针还是Cable pin?

2018-06-08 沈惠良 姜保国 老年骨质疏松骨折

60岁女性患者,摔倒致右尺骨鹰嘴骨折,同时合并有骨质疏松症。对于右尺骨鹰嘴骨折切开复位内固定术,简便的克氏针张力带固定方法有哪些优缺点?本例使用的基于加压螺钉和钢缆结合的固定原理设计的新型内固定物——Cable pin系统,又有何过人之处呢?

60岁女性患者,摔倒致右尺骨鹰嘴骨折,同时合并有骨质疏松症。对于右尺骨鹰嘴骨折切开复位内固定术,简便的克氏针张力带固定方法有哪些优缺点?本例使用的基于加压螺钉和钢缆结合的固定原理设计的新型内固定物——Cable pin系统,又有何过人之处呢?

【病例介绍】

患者,女性,60岁。患者入院前2天摔倒,右肘着地,当即感右肘部疼痛剧烈,局部肿胀,活动明显受限,于外院拍摄X 线片示右尺骨鹰嘴骨折。遂入院治疗。既往有轻度哮喘病史,但发作症状轻微。查体:右肘部可见肿胀,皮下瘀血,有明显压痛,可及骨擦感。肘部各向活动受限,右上肢感觉无明显异常,右手活动及感觉无异常,末梢血运可。辅助检查:X 线片示右尺骨鹰嘴骨折(图2‐2‐4)。

图2‐2‐4 术前肘关节正侧位X 线片

诊断要点】

患者外伤史明确,结合查体及X 线检查,考虑右尺骨鹰嘴骨折诊断明确。通过分析考虑为Mayo分型ⅡA 型,Colton 分型ⅡB 型。同时该患者为老年人,X 线片提示肱骨近端骨小梁结构变细、减少、间隙增宽,骨皮质变薄,考虑该患者同时合并有骨质疏松症。

【治疗原则】

患者入院完善相关术前检查,无明显手术禁忌,遂于入院2天后在臂丛麻醉下行右尺骨鹰嘴骨折切开复位内固定术。

麻醉成功后,取仰卧位,右上肢常规消毒,铺无菌单。取右肘后正中切口长约8cm,逐层切开皮肤、皮下组织、深筋膜层,分离显露尺骨骨折断端。冲洗清除断端血肿及嵌插的软组织,肘关节伸直位行骨折复位,用巾钳把持后,用Cable pin 40mm螺钉,与尺骨干呈20°夹角方向拧入2枚螺钉,在尺骨干处,横行钻孔,将Cable 引入骨孔,并“8”字固定尺骨骨折处。

冲洗伤口,留置引流管,逐层关闭切口,手术顺利,术中出血少,术后安返病房。

术后第1日,嘱患者开始患侧腕及手的主动活动。术后第1日拔除引流管。术后复查X 线片见骨折部位复位,内置物位置良好,无松动、移位(图2‐2‐5)。

图2‐2‐5 术后肘关节正侧位X 线片

【随访结果】

患者术后2年随访,Mayo 肘关节评分标准100分,DASH 评分0分,Brob erg and Morrey 肘关节评分100分,ASES评分100分。患肘关节活动度:屈曲135°,伸直0°;屈伸弧度150°,旋前65°,旋后70°,旋前旋后弧度135°(彩图2‐2‐6)。

彩图2‐2‐6 术后2年肘关节功能像

【经验教训】

克氏针张力带的固定方法简便,无须特殊器械,固定可靠,可以克服骨折的分离趋势。但也存在着克氏针针尾过长会压迫皮肤影响活动锻炼;克氏针松动、退出,穿破皮肤影响活动、导致皮肤感染;钢丝自针尾滑脱导致固定失败等问题。应用克氏针钢丝张力带内固定,克氏针、钢丝的选择应粗细合适,过细则造成早期功能锻炼易发生克氏针弯曲、钢丝断裂。2 根克氏针要平行,定位准确,入针一次到位,忌反复穿针、调整针尾造成针孔过大,克氏针松动,针尾要认真处理,使针尾向后、上方弯曲40°左右,并用锤子锤入鹰嘴近端防止旋转、钢丝滑脱。但是有时会发生钢针脱出,固定不牢靠,针道感染或针位于皮下引起疼痛、形成假性滑囊,骨折的畸形愈合或不愈合,术后发生创伤性关节炎,固定不够坚强等。本例使用的Cable pin 由半螺纹的松质骨加压螺钉和钢缆两部分组成。钢缆的一端与加压螺钉的末端连为一体,另一端则是方便通过骨隧道的导针。

Cable pin 系统要求螺钉前部的螺纹完全通过骨折线,这样才能对骨折断端起到加压作用,所以螺钉的方向应从骨折块较小的一边向较大的一边拧入。螺钉拧入的方向必须垂直骨折线才能使骨折端加压,否则螺钉加压时,由于剪切力的作用,骨折端易出现横向移位。拧入螺钉时注意让钉尾略埋入骨皮质内,使钢缆能更好地贴附骨面,起到加压和张力带的作用。同时防止钢缆与钉尾之间形成锐角,避免钢缆和螺钉结合部的断裂,并能防止螺钉的退出。钻骨隧道时应注意在2枚钉所在平面的尾端或偏螺钉后方的位置,如果过于靠前,骨隧道的长度会减少,有钢缆拉豁骨道的危险。两根钢缆应同时收紧,避免两根钢缆收紧力量不平衡而无法达到加压固定的目的。还要避免钢缆过度收紧导致骨折端出现台阶,产生创伤性关节炎。

【专家点评】

Cable pin 系统是基于加压螺钉和钢缆结合的固定原理设计的新型内固定物,集中了加压螺钉和钢缆在治疗骨折中的优点,符合AO 操作的原则,也具备了现代固定材料的优点。其特点:①Cable pin 系统的加压螺丝钉拧入骨质后在骨折端产生加压作用,钢缆包绕在骨面形成张力带并从骨道穿出对各骨折块之间起到一定的环扎作用,同时有骨内固定和骨外固定的作用。②钢缆由133 根0.005mm 的缆丝组成,具有很好的柔韧性,收紧器尽可能收紧的同时,在骨表面形成很好的贴附,产生足够的张力,达到坚强的内固定,也更好地体现了张力带原理。早期关节锻炼时能对抗骨折端的张力,同时转变为压应力,促进骨折的愈合。③钉和钢缆的一体连接既防止了钉的退出,也防止了钢缆的松脱和在骨表面的移位,减少了因内固定物本身和操作原因而产生的并发症。④螺钉完全置入骨内及钢缆在骨表面的良好贴附,大大减少了内固定物对软组织的刺激。⑤手术野暴露相对较小,软组织剥离少,创伤小。⑥手术时间短,操作简单,减少了出血及感染的机会。

本例患者采用Cable pin 固定尺骨鹰嘴骨折,相当于将加压螺钉和张力带两种技术结合在一起,起到了良好的作用,虽然患者存在一定程度的骨质疏松,但仍于术后获得了理想的功能。

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    2018-09-01 DEXTER3148
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1822454, encodeId=83cc182245488, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b589102989ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#鹰嘴骨折#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102989, encryptionId=b589102989ca, topicName=鹰嘴骨折)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f63175, createdName=nian.wang1982, createdTime=Mon Jan 28 08:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2069484, encodeId=a30220694848f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d2b2888813' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克氏针#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28888, encryptionId=8d2b2888813, topicName=克氏针)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jun 17 19:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1674723, encodeId=af6116e4723f0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=536d4e340f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#尺骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47340, encryptionId=536d4e340f5, topicName=尺骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=807e27108632, createdName=DEXTER3148, createdTime=Sat Sep 01 09:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1780531, encodeId=91c91e8053164, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ad4a395283' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cable#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3952, encryptionId=ad4a395283, topicName=Cable)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Bnia2EtH2IvyBtniaWHPQOYAicsN3IAL1ZuPV7qyALcdCiawRJdEiafMxWTxzERQW7eeKg8HfCKCRK2CJicy073C4RJg/132, createdBy=464b2500186, createdName=ms1948154235210413, createdTime=Sat Apr 27 01:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322819, encodeId=e85132281953, content=这么厉害的技术.还是要仔细学习., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 15:23:32 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322685, encodeId=9cb93226850d, content=好文献.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 06:46:17 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1822454, encodeId=83cc182245488, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b589102989ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#鹰嘴骨折#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102989, encryptionId=b589102989ca, topicName=鹰嘴骨折)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f63175, createdName=nian.wang1982, createdTime=Mon Jan 28 08:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2069484, encodeId=a30220694848f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d2b2888813' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克氏针#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28888, encryptionId=8d2b2888813, topicName=克氏针)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Jun 17 19:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1674723, encodeId=af6116e4723f0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=536d4e340f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#尺骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47340, encryptionId=536d4e340f5, topicName=尺骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=807e27108632, createdName=DEXTER3148, createdTime=Sat Sep 01 09:31:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1780531, encodeId=91c91e8053164, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ad4a395283' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cable#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3952, encryptionId=ad4a395283, topicName=Cable)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Bnia2EtH2IvyBtniaWHPQOYAicsN3IAL1ZuPV7qyALcdCiawRJdEiafMxWTxzERQW7eeKg8HfCKCRK2CJicy073C4RJg/132, createdBy=464b2500186, createdName=ms1948154235210413, createdTime=Sat Apr 27 01:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322819, encodeId=e85132281953, content=这么厉害的技术.还是要仔细学习., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 15:23:32 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322685, encodeId=9cb93226850d, content=好文献.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sat Jun 09 06:46:17 CST 2018, time=2018-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-09 虈亣靌

    这么厉害的技术.还是要仔细学习.

    0

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    2018-06-09 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献.学习了

    0

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