Wnt信号通路指导的抗癌治疗

2015-10-10 Eason/编译 生命奥秘

Wnt信号通路可能是让前列腺癌细胞得以逃避雄性激素受体抗癌靶向药物攻击的原因。能够从肿瘤患者体内分离得到循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells, CTC),并且对其进行鉴定的新技术让靶向抗癌治疗成为了可能,这对前列腺癌转移(metastatic prostate cancer)患者更加具有吸引力。这种患者通常都在几年前就做了原发灶切除手术,然后我们就只能够通过观察他们血液

Wnt信号通路可能是让前列腺癌细胞得以逃避雄性激素受体抗癌靶向药物攻击的原因。

能够从肿瘤患者体内分离得到循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells, CTC),并且对其进行鉴定的新技术让靶向抗癌治疗成为了可能,这对前列腺癌转移(metastatic prostate cancer)患者更加具有吸引力。这种患者通常都在几年前就做了原发灶切除手术,然后我们就只能够通过观察他们血液中前列腺特异性抗原(prostate-specific Antigen, PSA)这个指标的升降来了解病情的进展情况了。如果病情进一步恶化,我们还会做一个骨扫描,因为骨骼是前列腺癌最常见的转移部位。正因为我们很难了解前列腺癌转移的准确信息,所以科研人员们开发出了各种捕获、分离,并坚定前列腺癌CTC细胞的新技术,但是这些技术各自都有其局限性。由于CTC细胞存在异质性(heterogeneity),所以依靠细胞表面蛋白标志物来进行CTC细胞分选的技术就无法发现那些正在从上皮细胞向间质细胞进行转化(epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition)的CTC细胞,而这种转化正是CTC细胞获得转移并侵入其它组织能力的前提。Miyamoto等人使用能够分辨单细胞分子特征的微流体设备(microfluidic device)捕获活体CTC细胞的工作。Miyamoto等人的工作还揭示出了一条前列腺癌患者对雄性激素受体抗癌靶向药物耐药的分子机制。

前列腺癌细胞的生长离不开雄性激素(androgens)的作用,最常见的雄性激素就是睾酮(testosterone)了。所以雄性激素剥夺疗法(Androgen deprivation therapy)一直都是用于治疗对去势疗法敏感(castration-sensitive)的前列腺癌转移患者最有效的治疗方案。在临床上通常都是使用抑制睾酮合成的药物来达到去势目的的。但还有很多前列腺癌患者是对去势疗法不敏感的,所以才催生出了阿比特龙(abiraterone,是一种雄激素合酶抑制剂)和恩扎鲁胺(enzalutamide,是一种雄激素受体拮抗剂)这样一些新型抗前列腺癌药物。对涉及前列腺癌CTC细胞,试图了解雄激素靶向治疗药物抵抗原因的回顾性研究(Retrospective studies)的科研成果让科研人员们设计出了更大规模的前瞻性研究项目(prospective studies),在这些前瞻性研究项目里使用了多种CTC细胞分离技术,试图找出与肿瘤细胞对阿比特龙和恩扎鲁胺敏感或耐药相关的分子标志物,其中也包括各种雄激素受体编码信使RNA的剪接变异体分子(splice variants)。

Miyamoto等人使用了一种名为CTC-iChip的抗原未知的微流体设备,对采自13名前列腺癌患者(其中有11人是对去势疗法不敏感的)的77份CTC单细胞样品进行了基因表达谱分析。RNA测序结果给我们提供了几条非常重要的线索,这也是以往在大量肿瘤细胞混杂在一起进行RNA测序时不可能被发现的线索。单个CTC细胞分析发现,只有1/6的CTC细胞会共表达一种以上的雄激素受体剪接变异体(AR splice variant, AR-V),这与我们之前的观点截然不同。之前大家都认为,前列腺癌组织或CTC细胞会同时表达好几种变异体,这些变异体会与全长的雄激素受体(full-length AR, AR-FL)竞争,影响二聚体形成过程,而形成二聚体是发挥转录因子活性的必要条件。此外,最近的一项研究也发现,雄激素受体变异体既能够自我聚合形成同源二聚体,也能够与其它变异体,或全长的雄激素受体形成异源二聚体,这说明抑制这些变异体二聚体化,可能会是一条重要的治疗去势疗法耐受的前列腺癌的新思路。虽然我们还需要对Miyamoto等人的研究成果用更多的前列腺癌患者进行验证,但如果他们的发现是正确的,即只有很少一部分CTC细胞会表达多种雄激素受体变异体,那么以前的治疗策略就全都需要重新考量了。



CTC-iChip设备工作原理示意图。使用这台微流体设备就可以从前列腺癌患者外周血液中分离并富集得到单个的CTC细胞。

Miyamoto等人并没有观察到使用恩扎鲁胺的患者和没有使用恩扎鲁胺的患者雄激素受体变异体在表达丰度上存在差别。但是之前有报道称,前列腺癌患者CTC细胞里AR-V7变异体的表达量与患者对恩扎鲁胺和阿比特龙的耐药性相关,这与Miyamoto等人的研究结果有出入。这可能是由于两项研究的样本量都比较小而导致的。不过在将来的研究工作当中,更应该使用单个CTC细胞来分析AR-V的表达情况,只有这样才能够解决全长AR与各种AR-V表达之间的相互作用而带来的复杂性问题,为临床上指定治疗方案提供线索和帮助。



异质性及耐药性问题。前列腺癌患者在接受雄激素剥夺治疗之后,转移的肿瘤细胞的雄激素信号轴(androgen signaling axis)会发生改变(经由单个CTC细胞分析证实),比如会发生雄激素受体突变,以及出现各种雄激素受体编码mRNA的剪接变异体。接下来再使用恩扎鲁胺等药物进行抗雄激素治疗,在最后存活下来的耐药细胞里,非经典途径Wnt信号通路的活性会大大增加。

为了让单个CTC细胞RNA测序分析的作用最大化,同时也为了阐明前列腺癌耐药的机制,Miyamoto等人将被研究者分为了两组,即使用过恩扎鲁胺药物的患者和未使用恩扎鲁胺药物的患者,对他们的基因表达谱信息进行了回顾性分析。通过对细胞信号通路的分析发现,在恩扎鲁胺药物耐药患者的CTC细胞中,非经典途径Wnt信号通路的活性大为增强。

Wnt蛋白介导的信号通路在胚胎发育和干细胞数量维持方面都具有非常重要的作用。该信号通路的遗传学改变与结肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、转移性肝癌等多种肿瘤都有关系。Wnt5a和Wnt7b等Wnt配体都可以激活非经典途径的Wnt信号通路,并且对多条下游途径起到调控作用,其中就包括涉及细胞存活、增殖和运动能力的通路。

多个研究都已经发现,前列腺癌肿瘤细胞内的Wnt5a因子及其它非经典途径Wnt信号通路组份的表达量都有上调,在肿瘤细胞从上皮细胞向间质细胞转化时表现得尤为明显。Miyamoto等人也同样注意到,在少量(大约3%)对恩扎鲁胺耐药的CTC肿瘤细胞里,非经典途径Wnt信号通路也被激活了。不过有意思的是,这部分患者的研究数据表明,肾上腺糖皮质激素受体信号通路(glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway)与非经典途径Wnt信号通路存在负相关关系(inverse correlation)。耐药前列腺癌肿瘤细胞的肾上腺糖皮质激素受体会被激活。该信号通路能够激活可促进肿瘤细胞存活及生长的基因。对去势疗法不敏感的前列腺癌患者CTC细胞进行的测序结果发现,非经典途径Wnt信号通路是一条在基因组层面发生改变的、重要的信号通路,但是在未经激素疗法治疗的原发前列腺癌细胞里,却并没有发生这种改变。这也与Miyamoto等人的研究结果比较吻合。

虽然我们都认为非经典途径Wnt信号通路在前列腺癌复发,以及对雄激素剥夺疗法耐药等方面都发挥了重要的作用。了解该通路与紫杉醇(taxanes)耐药之间的关系也是一个非常有意思的课题。紫杉醇是一种应用范围非常广泛的化疗药物,能够起到破坏微管(microtubule)的作用,同时也能够抑制细胞分裂。既然Wnt信号通路与肌动蛋白细胞骨架重构(actin cytoskeleton remodeling)有关,而肌动蛋白与微管细胞骨架之间又存在相互交流,而且雄激素受体会利用微管蛋白向核内转位,这些细胞生理机制就都表明,在前列腺癌细胞内,非经典途径Wnt信号通路活化与依赖微管的雄激素受体转移有关,这可能也是雄激素剥夺疗法有效与紫杉醇耐药背后的作用机制。

一种有效的抗癌治疗手段都会对肿瘤细胞的基因型(genotype)产生选择压力(selective pressure),最终使肿瘤细胞形成耐药表型(phenotype),为了避免这种情况发生,就必须不断对肿瘤细胞进行分子学监测。正如Miyamoto等人向我们展示的那样,使用CTC细胞分离技术、联合单细胞测序及CTC细胞分子鉴定技术,就可以为我们提供最新的、实时的第一手信息。这些信息不仅能够帮助我们了解耐药信息,也可以为使用其他药物,或者尽早开始联合治疗提供指导。虽然我们还需要对更多的前列腺癌患者进行更大规模的前瞻性临床研究以证实Miyamoto等人的发现,他们的研究还是让我们朝着CTC指导的精准化医疗又迈进了一步。

原文出处:

David M. Nanus and Paraskevi Giannakakou. (2015) Cancer therapies that are gone with the Wnt. Science, 349:1283-1284.

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1734712, encodeId=4d881e3471209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7e6818e415f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Wnt信号#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18741, encryptionId=7e6818e415f, topicName=Wnt信号)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=969033807411, createdName=jjjiang0210, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 00:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005332, encodeId=c7742005332c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b42318e434e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Wnt信号通路#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18743, encryptionId=b42318e434e, topicName=Wnt信号通路)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0bed488, createdName=jktdtl, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 18:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1934498, encodeId=55d3193449867, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c85552e65' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55527, encryptionId=27c85552e65, topicName=抗癌治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c9df476, createdName=fyxzlh, createdTime=Sat Mar 19 08:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1539586, encodeId=1516153958675, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c61a2e315da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#信号通路#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27315, encryptionId=c61a2e315da, topicName=信号通路)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b12d13147749, createdName=wgx310, createdTime=Mon Oct 12 00:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1598572, encodeId=d39315985e29e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c4da18e2588' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#WNT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18725, encryptionId=c4da18e2588, topicName=WNT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eb3518632538, createdName=zhwj, createdTime=Mon Oct 12 00:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=38344, encodeId=b29338344a1, content=感谢作者分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=332823945, createdName=hlycom3356, createdTime=Sun Oct 11 15:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2015-10-12 zhwj
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1734712, encodeId=4d881e3471209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7e6818e415f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Wnt信号#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18741, encryptionId=7e6818e415f, topicName=Wnt信号)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=969033807411, createdName=jjjiang0210, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 00:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005332, encodeId=c7742005332c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b42318e434e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Wnt信号通路#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18743, encryptionId=b42318e434e, topicName=Wnt信号通路)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0bed488, createdName=jktdtl, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 18:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1934498, encodeId=55d3193449867, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c85552e65' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗癌治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55527, encryptionId=27c85552e65, topicName=抗癌治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c9df476, createdName=fyxzlh, createdTime=Sat Mar 19 08:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1539586, encodeId=1516153958675, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c61a2e315da' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#信号通路#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27315, encryptionId=c61a2e315da, topicName=信号通路)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b12d13147749, createdName=wgx310, createdTime=Mon Oct 12 00:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1598572, encodeId=d39315985e29e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c4da18e2588' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#WNT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18725, encryptionId=c4da18e2588, topicName=WNT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eb3518632538, createdName=zhwj, createdTime=Mon Oct 12 00:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=38344, encodeId=b29338344a1, content=感谢作者分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=332823945, createdName=hlycom3356, createdTime=Sun Oct 11 15:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-11 hlycom3356

    感谢作者分享

    0

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