盘点:肠道菌群近期重要研究进展汇总

2017-11-20 MedSci MedSci原创

人的胃肠道内寄居着种类繁多的微生物,这些微生物称为肠道菌群。肠道菌群在人体健康中发挥着重要作用。近年来,有关肠道菌群的研究日益成为科学家们感兴趣的焦点。这里梅斯小编整理了近期关于肠道菌群的重要研究与大家一同分享!【1】肠道菌群与个体情绪有关http://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=6c93104999d4近日,发表在Psychosomati

人的胃肠道内寄居着种类繁多的微生物,这些微生物称为肠道菌群。肠道菌群在人体健康中发挥着重要作用。近年来,有关肠道菌群的研究日益成为科学家们感兴趣的焦点。这里梅斯小编整理了近期关于肠道菌群的重要研究与大家一同分享!

【1】肠道菌群与个体情绪有关

近日,发表在Psychosomatic Medicine上的一项研究中,研究人员鉴定出了能够与大脑中和情绪和行为有关的区域相互作用的肠道微生物群。这可能是科学家们首次证实,健康人群的行为和神经生物学差异与微生物组成有关。

在这一研究中,科学家们发现,Bacteroides组的女性额叶皮质和脑岛中的灰质更厚。同时,该组女性的海马体体积也更大。相比而言,Prevotella组的女性大脑中负责情绪、注意力和感觉的区域之间联系更多,并且包括海马体在内的一些大脑区域容量更小。在观察负面图像时,该组女性的海马体活跃性更低。同时,在观察负面图像后,与Bacteroides组的女性相比,Prevotella组的女性表现出更高水平的负面情绪,如焦虑、悲痛和和易怒。

【2】肠道菌群与焦虑之间的联系


发表在开放获取《Microbiome》杂志上的研究揭示了肠道细菌如何影响焦虑的行为。研究肠道菌和脑部microRNAs(miRNAs)的生物分子之间的联系; 爱尔兰科学基金会资助的科克大学APC微生物研究所的研究人员发现,在无微生物小鼠的大脑中有大量的miRNA发生了变化。这些在无菌条件下饲养的小鼠,通常表现出异常的焦虑,社交和认知能力缺陷,以及抑郁样行为增加。

我们的研究表明,在利用miRNAs的治疗潜力方面存在的一些障碍可以通过针对肠道菌群来清除。研究人员发现,与正常小鼠相比,在没有肠道细菌(GF -小鼠)的小鼠的杏仁核的前额皮层中,分别有103个和31个miRNAs的水平是不同的。添加肠道菌群后,脑部的一些miRNA恢复正常。这表明,健康的微生物组对于大脑区域内的miRNAs的适当调控是必要的。之前的研究表明,肠道菌群会影响焦虑行为,但这是第一次将肠道微生物组与杏仁核和前额叶皮层的miRNAs联系起来。

【3】研究发现肠道菌群调节人体健康的信使分子

根据本周《自然》在线发表的一项研究中,研究人员发现,肠道菌群会产生名为N-酰基酰胺的小型有机复合物,它们与受体互作,调节人体生理健康。虽然一般认为人类微生物组在生理健康方面发挥着重要作用,但是人们对其背后机制依然知之不多。细菌依赖小分子与环境产生相互作用,有人提出人类微生物群也利用小分子与其人类宿主互作。但是,所涉的潜在分子身份及其功能机制一直不为人知。

美国洛克菲勒大学的Sean Brady及同事报告称人体肠道细菌会产生与5种不同的人类G蛋白偶联受体互作的N-酰基酰胺。作者分析了小鼠数据和细胞数据,表明这些细菌代谢物会激活一种名为GPR119的GPCR,它们可能调节小鼠的代谢激素和葡萄糖稳态。上述发现意味着微生物群产生的小分子可以模拟细菌信号传导分子,这种拟态所代表的通道未来有望运用于相关疾病疗法中,帮助治疗糖尿病和肥胖症等疾病。

【4】肠道菌群变化可能使女性变胖

我们都知道不良的饮食习惯会对健康产生危害,但一项最新发现,压力也可以以不良饮食的方式对我们的身体造成不良影响。研究发现当雌性小鼠暴露于各种压力时,小鼠肠道微生物群就会发生对消化和代谢健康至关重要的改变,逐渐变为与高脂饮食小鼠类似的肠道菌群结构。

饮食与压力引起的肠道菌群结构改变存在着极大的性别差异,高脂饮食的雄性小鼠表现出相对更多的焦虑,高脂饮食的雄性小鼠在应激时也显示出相对更低的运动活性。然而,只有在雌性小鼠中,压力能够导致肠道微生物结构转变成类似于高脂饮食小鼠的肠道菌群结构。

【5】短肠综合征患者存在严重的肠道菌群失调

短肠综合征(SBS)是肠衰竭的常见原因,依据肠道解剖差异分为三种亚型。婴儿SBS患者常出现肠道菌群失调导致肠道损伤,但成年SBS患者的肠道菌群变化尚未见相关报道。近日研究人员对不同亚型SBS成年患者的粪便菌群进行了研究。

结果发现SBS患者细菌α多样性显著降低,与剩余小肠长度正相关。II型SBS患者样本中富含蛋白菌,但缺乏厚壁菌门和拟杆菌。SBS III型患者中,乳酸菌和普氏菌占主导,缺乏毛螺旋菌、共生菌和拟杆菌。SBS患者肠外营养与肠杆菌科细菌比例增加正相关,但与乳酸菌比例增加负相关。SBS II型患者体内与柠檬酸循环、支链和芳香氨基酸生物合成途径相关微生物丰富,而III型患者与嘧啶和嘌呤代谢相关微生物占主导。表明短肠综合征患者有明显的肠菌群失调现象,进而导致肠道功能发生改变。

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    2017-11-24 祝您健康

    学习了

    0

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    2017-11-21 cscdliu

    文章非常好.学习了!

    0

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    2017-11-21 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医疗技术

    0